Using as

Table of Contents

• Using as
• 1 Overview
  • 1.1 Structure of this Manual
  • 1.2 The GNU Assembler
  • 1.3 Object File Formats
  • 1.4 Command Line
  • 1.5 Input Files
  • 1.6 Output (Object) File
  • 1.7 Error and Warning Messages
• 2 Command-Line Options
  • 2.1 Enable Listings: -a[cdghlns]
  • 2.2 --alternate
  • 2.3 -D
  • 2.4 Work Faster: -f
  • 2.5 .include Search Path: -I path
  • 2.6 Difference Tables: -K
  • 2.7 Include Local Symbols: -L
  • 2.8 Configuring listing output: --listing
  • 2.9 Assemble in MRI Compatibility Mode: -M
  • 2.10 Dependency Tracking: --MD
  • 2.11 Name the Object File: -o
  • 2.12 Join Data and Text Sections: -R
  • 2.13 Display Assembly Statistics: --statistics
  • 2.14 Compatible Output: --traditional-format
  • 2.15 Announce Version: -v
  • 2.16 Control Warnings: -W, --warn, --no-warn, --fatal-warnings
  • 2.17 Generate Object File in Spite of Errors: -Z
• 3 Syntax
  • 3.1 Preprocessing
  • 3.2 Whitespace
  • 3.3 Comments
  • 3.4 Symbols
  • 3.5 Statements
  • 3.6 Constants
    • 3.6.1 Character Constants
      • 3.6.1.1 Strings
      • 3.6.1.2 Characters
    • 3.6.2 Number Constants
      • 3.6.2.1 Integers
      • 3.6.2.2 Bignums
      • 3.6.2.3 Flonums
• 4 Sections and Relocation
  • 4.1 Background
  • 4.2 Linker Sections
  • 4.3 Assembler Internal Sections
  • 4.4 Sub-Sections
  • 4.5 bss Section
• 5 Symbols
  • 5.1 Labels
  • 5.2 Giving Symbols Other Values
  • 5.3 Symbol Names
  • 5.4 The Special Dot Symbol
  • 5.5 Symbol Attributes
    • 5.5.1 Value
    • 5.5.2 Type
    • 5.5.3 Symbol Attributes: a.out
      • 5.5.3.1 Descriptor
      • 5.5.3.2 Other
    • 5.5.4 Symbol Attributes for COFF
      • 5.5.4.1 Primary Attributes
      • 5.5.4.2 Auxiliary Attributes
    • 5.5.5 Symbol Attributes for SOM
• 6 Expressions
  • 6.1 Empty Expressions
  • 6.2 Integer Expressions
    • 6.2.1 Arguments
    • 6.2.2 Operators
    • 6.2.3 Prefix Operator
    • 6.2.4 Infix Operators
• 7 Assembler Directives
  • 7.1 .abort
  • 7.2 .ABORT (COFF)
  • 7.3 .align abs-expr, abs-expr, abs-expr
  • 7.4 .altmacro
  • 7.5 .ascii "string"...
  • 7.6 .asciz "string"...
  • 7.7 .balign[wl] abs-expr, abs-expr, abs-expr
  • 7.8 Bundle directives
    • 7.8.1 .bundle_align_mode abs-expr
    • 7.8.2 .bundle_lock and .bundle_unlock
  • 7.9 .byte expressions
  • 7.10 CFI directives
    • 7.10.1 .cfi_sections section_list
    • 7.10.2 .cfi_startproc [simple]
    • 7.10.3 .cfi_endproc
    • 7.10.4 .cfi_personality encoding [, exp]
    • 7.10.5 .cfi_personality_id id
    • 7.10.6 .cfi_fde_data [opcode1 [, ...]]
    • 7.10.7 .cfi_lsda encoding [, exp]
    • 7.10.8 .cfi_inline_lsda [align]
    • 7.10.9 .cfi_def_cfa register, offset
    • 7.10.10 .cfi_def_cfa_register register
    • 7.10.11 .cfi_def_cfa_offset offset
    • 7.10.12 .cfi_adjust_cfa_offset offset
    • 7.10.13 .cfi_offset register, offset
    • 7.10.14 .cfi_rel_offset register, offset
    • 7.10.15 .cfi_register register1, register2
    • 7.10.16 .cfi_restore register
    • 7.10.17 .cfi_undefined register
    • 7.10.18 .cfi_same_value register
    • 7.10.19 .cfi_remember_state,
    • 7.10.20 .cfi_return_column register
    • 7.10.21 .cfi_signal_frame
    • 7.10.22 .cfi_window_save
    • 7.10.23 .cfi_escape expression[, ...]
    • 7.10.24 .cfi_val_encoded_addr register, encoding, label
  • 7.11 .comm symbol , length
  • 7.12 .data subsection
  • 7.13 .def name
  • 7.14 .desc symbol, abs-expression
  • 7.15 .dim
  • 7.16 .double flonums
  • 7.17 .eject
  • 7.18 .else
  • 7.19 .elseif
  • 7.20 .end
  • 7.21 .endef
  • 7.22 .endfunc
  • 7.23 .endif
  • 7.24 .equ symbol, expression
  • 7.25 .equiv symbol, expression
  • 7.26 .eqv symbol, expression
  • 7.27 .err
  • 7.28 .error "string"
  • 7.29 .exitm
  • 7.30 .extern
  • 7.31 .fail expression
  • 7.32 .file
  • 7.33 .fill repeat , size , value
  • 7.34 .float flonums
  • 7.35 .func name[,label]
  • 7.36 .global symbol, .globl symbol
  • 7.37 .gnu_attribute tag,value
  • 7.38 .hidden names
  • 7.39 .hword expressions
  • 7.40 .ident
  • 7.41 .if absolute expression
  • 7.42 .incbin "file"[,skip[,count]]
  • 7.43 .include "file"
  • 7.44 .int expressions
  • 7.45 .internal names
  • 7.46 .irp symbol,values...
  • 7.47 .irpc symbol,values...
  • 7.48 .lcomm symbol , length
  • 7.49 .lflags
  • 7.50 .line line-number
  • 7.51 .linkonce [type]
  • 7.52 .list
  • 7.53 .ln line-number
  • 7.54 .loc fileno lineno [column] [options]
  • 7.55 .loc_mark_labels enable
  • 7.56 .local names
  • 7.57 .long expressions
  • 7.58 .macro
  • 7.59 .mri val
  • 7.60 .noaltmacro
  • 7.61 .nolist
  • 7.62 .octa bignums
  • 7.63 .offset loc
  • 7.64 .org new-lc , fill
  • 7.65 .p2align[wl] abs-expr, abs-expr, abs-expr
  • 7.66 .popsection
  • 7.67 .previous
  • 7.68 .print string
  • 7.69 .protected names
  • 7.70 .psize lines , columns
  • 7.71 .purgem name
  • 7.72 .pushsection name [, subsection] [, "flags"[, @type[,arguments]]]
  • 7.73 .quad bignums
  • 7.74 .reloc offset, reloc_name[, expression]
  • 7.75 .rept count
  • 7.76 .sbttl "subheading"
  • 7.77 .scl class
  • 7.78 .section name
  • 7.79 .set symbol, expression
  • 7.80 .short expressions
  • 7.81 .single flonums
  • 7.82 .size
  • 7.83 .skip size , fill
  • 7.84 .sleb128 expressions
  • 7.85 .space size , fill
  • 7.86 .stabd, .stabn, .stabs
  • 7.87 .string "str", .string8 "str", .string16
  • 7.88 .struct expression
  • 7.89 .subsection name
  • 7.90 .symver
  • 7.91 .tag structname
  • 7.92 .text subsection
  • 7.93 .title "heading"
  • 7.94 .type
  • 7.95 .uleb128 expressions
  • 7.96 .val addr
  • 7.97 .version "string"
  • 7.98 .vtable_entry table, offset
  • 7.99 .vtable_inherit child, parent
  • 7.100 .warning "string"
  • 7.101 .weak names
  • 7.102 .weakref alias, target
  • 7.103 .word expressions
  • 7.104 .zero size
  • 7.105 Deprecated Directives
• 8 Object Attributes
  • 8.1 gnu Object Attributes
    • 8.1.1 Common gnu attributes
    • 8.1.2 MIPS Attributes
    • 8.1.3 PowerPC Attributes
    • 8.1.4 IBM z Systems Attributes
  • 8.2 Defining New Object Attributes
• 9 Machine Dependent Features
  • 9.1 AArch64 Dependent Features
    • 9.1.1 Options
    • 9.1.2 Architecture Extensions
    • 9.1.3 Syntax
      • 9.1.3.1 Special Characters
      • 9.1.3.2 Register Names
      • 9.1.3.3 Relocations
    • 9.1.4 Floating Point
    • 9.1.5 AArch64 Machine Directives
    • 9.1.6 Opcodes
    • 9.1.7 Mapping Symbols
  • 9.2 Alpha Dependent Features
    • 9.2.1 Notes
    • 9.2.2 Options
    • 9.2.3 Syntax
      • 9.2.3.1 Special Characters
      • 9.2.3.2 Register Names
      • 9.2.3.3 Relocations
    • 9.2.4 Floating Point
    • 9.2.5 Alpha Assembler Directives
    • 9.2.6 Opcodes
  • 9.3 ARC Dependent Features
    • 9.3.1 Options
    • 9.3.2 Syntax
      • 9.3.2.1 Special Characters
      • 9.3.2.2 Register Names
    • 9.3.3 ARC Machine Directives
    • 9.3.4 ARC Assembler Modifiers
    • 9.3.5 ARC Pre-defined Symbols
    • 9.3.6 Opcodes
  • 9.4 ARM Dependent Features
    • 9.4.1 Options
    • 9.4.2 Syntax
      • 9.4.2.1 Instruction Set Syntax
      • 9.4.2.2 Special Characters
      • 9.4.2.3 Register Names
      • 9.4.2.4 ARM relocation generation
      • 9.4.2.5 NEON Alignment Specifiers
    • 9.4.3 Floating Point
    • 9.4.4 ARM Machine Directives
    • 9.4.5 Opcodes
    • 9.4.6 Mapping Symbols
    • 9.4.7 Unwinding
  • 9.5 AVR Dependent Features
    • 9.5.1 Options
    • 9.5.2 Syntax
      • 9.5.2.1 Special Characters
      • 9.5.2.2 Register Names
      • 9.5.2.3 Relocatable Expression Modifiers
    • 9.5.3 Opcodes
  • 9.6 Blackfin Dependent Features
    • 9.6.1 Options
    • 9.6.2 Syntax
    • 9.6.3 Directives
  • 9.7 CR16 Dependent Features
    • 9.7.1 CR16 Operand Qualifiers
    • 9.7.2 CR16 Syntax
      • 9.7.2.1 Special Characters
  • 9.8 CRIS Dependent Features
    • 9.8.1 Command-line Options
    • 9.8.2 Instruction expansion
    • 9.8.3 Symbols
    • 9.8.4 Syntax
      • 9.8.4.1 Special Characters
      • 9.8.4.2 Symbols in position-independent code
      • 9.8.4.3 Register names
      • 9.8.4.4 Assembler Directives
  • 9.9 D10V Dependent Features
    • 9.9.1 D10V Options
    • 9.9.2 Syntax
      • 9.9.2.1 Size Modifiers
      • 9.9.2.2 Sub-Instructions
      • 9.9.2.3 Special Characters
      • 9.9.2.4 Register Names
      • 9.9.2.5 Addressing Modes
      • 9.9.2.6 @WORD Modifier
    • 9.9.3 Floating Point
    • 9.9.4 Opcodes
  • 9.10 D30V Dependent Features
    • 9.10.1 D30V Options
    • 9.10.2 Syntax
      • 9.10.2.1 Size Modifiers
      • 9.10.2.2 Sub-Instructions
      • 9.10.2.3 Special Characters
      • 9.10.2.4 Guarded Execution
      • 9.10.2.5 Register Names
      • 9.10.2.6 Addressing Modes
    • 9.10.3 Floating Point
    • 9.10.4 Opcodes
  • 9.11 Epiphany Dependent Features
    • 9.11.1 Options
    • 9.11.2 Epiphany Syntax
      • 9.11.2.1 Special Characters
  • 9.12 H8/300 Dependent Features
    • 9.12.1 Options
    • 9.12.2 Syntax
      • 9.12.2.1 Special Characters
      • 9.12.2.2 Register Names
      • 9.12.2.3 Addressing Modes
    • 9.12.3 Floating Point
    • 9.12.4 H8/300 Machine Directives
    • 9.12.5 Opcodes
  • 9.13 HPPA Dependent Features
    • 9.13.1 Notes
    • 9.13.2 Options
    • 9.13.3 Syntax
    • 9.13.4 Floating Point
    • 9.13.5 HPPA Assembler Directives
    • 9.13.6 Opcodes
  • 9.14 ESA/390 Dependent Features
    • 9.14.1 Notes
    • 9.14.2 Options
    • 9.14.3 Syntax
    • 9.14.4 Floating Point
    • 9.14.5 ESA/390 Assembler Directives
    • 9.14.6 Opcodes
  • 9.15 80386 Dependent Features
    • 9.15.1 Options
    • 9.15.2 x86 specific Directives
    • 9.15.3 i386 Syntactical Considerations
      • 9.15.3.1 AT&T Syntax versus Intel Syntax
      • 9.15.3.2 Special Characters
    • 9.15.4 i386-Mnemonics
      • 9.15.4.1 Instruction Naming
      • 9.15.4.2 AT&T Mnemonic versus Intel Mnemonic
    • 9.15.5 Register Naming
    • 9.15.6 Instruction Prefixes
    • 9.15.7 Memory References
    • 9.15.8 Handling of Jump Instructions
    • 9.15.9 Floating Point
    • 9.15.10 Intel's MMX and AMD's 3DNow! SIMD Operations
    • 9.15.11 AMD's Lightweight Profiling Instructions
    • 9.15.12 Bit Manipulation Instructions
    • 9.15.13 AMD's Trailing Bit Manipulation Instructions
    • 9.15.14 Writing 16-bit Code
    • 9.15.15 Specifying CPU Architecture
    • 9.15.16 AT&T Syntax bugs
    • 9.15.17 Notes
  • 9.16 Intel i860 Dependent Features
    • 9.16.1 i860 Notes
    • 9.16.2 i860 Command-line Options
      • 9.16.2.1 SVR4 compatibility options
      • 9.16.2.2 Other options
    • 9.16.3 i860 Machine Directives
    • 9.16.4 i860 Opcodes
      • 9.16.4.1 Other instruction support (pseudo-instructions)
    • 9.16.5 i860 Syntax
      • 9.16.5.1 Special Characters
  • 9.17 Intel 80960 Dependent Features
    • 9.17.1 i960 Command-line Options
    • 9.17.2 Floating Point
    • 9.17.3 i960 Machine Directives
    • 9.17.4 i960 Opcodes
      • 9.17.4.1 callj
      • 9.17.4.2 Compare-and-Branch
    • 9.17.5 Syntax for the i960
      • 9.17.5.1 Special Characters
  • 9.18 IA-64 Dependent Features
    • 9.18.1 Options
    • 9.18.2 Syntax
      • 9.18.2.1 Special Characters
      • 9.18.2.2 Register Names
      • 9.18.2.3 IA-64 Processor-Status-Register (PSR) Bit Names
      • 9.18.2.4 Relocations
    • 9.18.3 Opcodes
  • 9.19 IP2K Dependent Features
    • 9.19.1 IP2K Options
    • 9.19.2 IP2K Syntax
      • 9.19.2.1 Special Characters
  • 9.20 LM32 Dependent Features
    • 9.20.1 Options
    • 9.20.2 Syntax
      • 9.20.2.1 Register Names
      • 9.20.2.2 Relocatable Expression Modifiers
      • 9.20.2.3 Special Characters
    • 9.20.3 Opcodes
  • 9.21 M32C Dependent Features
    • 9.21.1 M32C Options
    • 9.21.2 M32C Syntax
      • 9.21.2.1 Symbolic Operand Modifiers
      • 9.21.2.2 Special Characters
  • 9.22 M32R Dependent Features
    • 9.22.1 M32R Options
    • 9.22.2 M32R Directives
    • 9.22.3 M32R Warnings
  • 9.23 M680x0 Dependent Features
    • 9.23.1 M680x0 Options
    • 9.23.2 Syntax
    • 9.23.3 Motorola Syntax
    • 9.23.4 Floating Point
    • 9.23.5 680x0 Machine Directives
    • 9.23.6 Opcodes
      • 9.23.6.1 Branch Improvement
      • 9.23.6.2 Special Characters
  • 9.24 M68HC11 and M68HC12 Dependent Features
    • 9.24.1 M68HC11 and M68HC12 Options
    • 9.24.2 Syntax
    • 9.24.3 Symbolic Operand Modifiers
    • 9.24.4 Assembler Directives
    • 9.24.5 Floating Point
    • 9.24.6 Opcodes
      • 9.24.6.1 Branch Improvement
  • 9.25 Meta Dependent Features
    • 9.25.1 Options
    • 9.25.2 Syntax
      • 9.25.2.1 Special Characters
      • 9.25.2.2 Register Names
  • 9.26 MicroBlaze Dependent Features
    • 9.26.1 Directives
    • 9.26.2 Syntax for the MicroBlaze
      • 9.26.2.1 Special Characters
  • 9.27 MIPS Dependent Features
    • 9.27.1 Assembler options
    • 9.27.2 High-level assembly macros
    • 9.27.3 Directives to override the size of symbols
    • 9.27.4 Controlling the use of small data accesses
    • 9.27.5 Directives to override the ISA level
    • 9.27.6 Directives to control code generation
    • 9.27.7 Directives for extending MIPS 16 bit instructions
    • 9.27.8 Directive to mark data as an instruction
    • 9.27.9 Directives to control the FP ABI
      • 9.27.9.1 History of FP ABIs
      • 9.27.9.2 Supported FP ABIs
      • 9.27.9.3 Automatic selection of FP ABI
      • 9.27.9.4 Linking different FP ABI variants
    • 9.27.10 Directives to record which NaN encoding is being used
    • 9.27.11 Directives to save and restore options
    • 9.27.12 Directives to control generation of MIPS ASE instructions
    • 9.27.13 Directives to override floating-point options
    • 9.27.14 Syntactical considerations for the MIPS assembler
      • 9.27.14.1 Special Characters
  • 9.28 MMIX Dependent Features
    • 9.28.1 Command-line Options
    • 9.28.2 Instruction expansion
    • 9.28.3 Syntax
      • 9.28.3.1 Special Characters
      • 9.28.3.2 Symbols
      • 9.28.3.3 Register names
      • 9.28.3.4 Assembler Directives
    • 9.28.4 Differences to mmixal
  • 9.29 MSP 430 Dependent Features
    • 9.29.1 Options
    • 9.29.2 Syntax
      • 9.29.2.1 Macros
      • 9.29.2.2 Special Characters
      • 9.29.2.3 Register Names
      • 9.29.2.4 Assembler Extensions
    • 9.29.3 Floating Point
    • 9.29.4 MSP 430 Machine Directives
    • 9.29.5 Opcodes
    • 9.29.6 Profiling Capability
  • 9.30 NDS32 Dependent Features
    • 9.30.1 NDS32 Options
    • 9.30.2 Syntax
      • 9.30.2.1 Special Characters
      • 9.30.2.2 Register Names
      • 9.30.2.3 Pseudo Instructions
  • 9.31 Nios II Dependent Features
    • 9.31.1 Options
    • 9.31.2 Syntax
      • 9.31.2.1 Special Characters
    • 9.31.3 Nios II Machine Relocations
    • 9.31.4 Nios II Machine Directives
    • 9.31.5 Opcodes
  • 9.32 NS32K Dependent Features
    • 9.32.1 Syntax
      • 9.32.1.1 Special Characters
  • 9.33 PDP-11 Dependent Features
    • 9.33.1 Options
      • 9.33.1.1 Code Generation Options
      • 9.33.1.2 Instruction Set Extension Options
      • 9.33.1.3 CPU Model Options
      • 9.33.1.4 Machine Model Options
    • 9.33.2 Assembler Directives
    • 9.33.3 PDP-11 Assembly Language Syntax
    • 9.33.4 Instruction Naming
    • 9.33.5 Synthetic Instructions
  • 9.34 picoJava Dependent Features
    • 9.34.1 Options
    • 9.34.2 PJ Syntax
      • 9.34.2.1 Special Characters
  • 9.35 PowerPC Dependent Features
    • 9.35.1 Options
    • 9.35.2 PowerPC Assembler Directives
    • 9.35.3 PowerPC Syntax
      • 9.35.3.1 Special Characters
  • 9.36 RL78 Dependent Features
    • 9.36.1 RL78 Options
    • 9.36.2 Symbolic Operand Modifiers
    • 9.36.3 Assembler Directives
    • 9.36.4 Syntax for the RL78
      • 9.36.4.1 Special Characters
  • 9.37 RX Dependent Features
    • 9.37.1 RX Options
    • 9.37.2 Symbolic Operand Modifiers
    • 9.37.3 Assembler Directives
    • 9.37.4 Floating Point
    • 9.37.5 Syntax for the RX
      • 9.37.5.1 Special Characters
  • 9.38 IBM S/390 Dependent Features
    • 9.38.1 Options
    • 9.38.2 Special Characters
    • 9.38.3 Instruction syntax
      • 9.38.3.1 Register naming
      • 9.38.3.2 Instruction Mnemonics
      • 9.38.3.3 Instruction Operands
      • 9.38.3.4 Instruction Formats
      • 9.38.3.5 Instruction Aliases
      • 9.38.3.6 Instruction Operand Modifier
      • 9.38.3.7 Instruction Marker
      • 9.38.3.8 Literal Pool Entries
    • 9.38.4 Assembler Directives
    • 9.38.5 Floating Point
  • 9.39 SCORE Dependent Features
    • 9.39.1 Options
    • 9.39.2 SCORE Assembler Directives
    • 9.39.3 SCORE Syntax
      • 9.39.3.1 Special Characters
  • 9.40 Renesas / SuperH SH Dependent Features
    • 9.40.1 Options
    • 9.40.2 Syntax
      • 9.40.2.1 Special Characters
      • 9.40.2.2 Register Names
      • 9.40.2.3 Addressing Modes
    • 9.40.3 Floating Point
    • 9.40.4 SH Machine Directives
    • 9.40.5 Opcodes
  • 9.41 SuperH SH64 Dependent Features
    • 9.41.1 Options
    • 9.41.2 Syntax
      • 9.41.2.1 Special Characters
      • 9.41.2.2 Register Names
      • 9.41.2.3 Addressing Modes
    • 9.41.3 SH64 Machine Directives
    • 9.41.4 Opcodes
  • 9.42 SPARC Dependent Features
    • 9.42.1 Options
    • 9.42.2 Enforcing aligned data
    • 9.42.3 Sparc Syntax
      • 9.42.3.1 Special Characters
      • 9.42.3.2 Register Names
      • 9.42.3.3 Constants
      • 9.42.3.4 Relocations
      • 9.42.3.5 Size Translations
    • 9.42.4 Floating Point
    • 9.42.5 Sparc Machine Directives
  • 9.43 TIC54X Dependent Features
    • 9.43.1 Options
    • 9.43.2 Blocking
    • 9.43.3 Environment Settings
    • 9.43.4 Constants Syntax
    • 9.43.5 String Substitution
    • 9.43.6 Local Labels
    • 9.43.7 Math Builtins
    • 9.43.8 Extended Addressing
    • 9.43.9 Directives
    • 9.43.10 Macros
    • 9.43.11 Memory-mapped Registers
    • 9.43.12 TIC54X Syntax
      • 9.43.12.1 Special Characters
  • 9.44 TIC6X Dependent Features
    • 9.44.1 TIC6X Options
    • 9.44.2 TIC6X Syntax
    • 9.44.3 TIC6X Directives
  • 9.45 TILE-Gx Dependent Features
    • 9.45.1 Options
    • 9.45.2 Syntax
      • 9.45.2.1 Opcode Names
      • 9.45.2.2 Register Names
      • 9.45.2.3 Symbolic Operand Modifiers
    • 9.45.3 TILE-Gx Directives
  • 9.46 TILEPro Dependent Features
    • 9.46.1 Options
    • 9.46.2 Syntax
      • 9.46.2.1 Opcode Names
      • 9.46.2.2 Register Names
      • 9.46.2.3 Symbolic Operand Modifiers
    • 9.46.3 TILEPro Directives
  • 9.47 v850 Dependent Features
    • 9.47.1 Options
    • 9.47.2 Syntax
      • 9.47.2.1 Special Characters
      • 9.47.2.2 Register Names
    • 9.47.3 Floating Point
    • 9.47.4 V850 Machine Directives
    • 9.47.5 Opcodes
  • 9.48 VAX Dependent Features
    • 9.48.1 VAX Command-Line Options
    • 9.48.2 VAX Floating Point
    • 9.48.3 Vax Machine Directives
    • 9.48.4 VAX Opcodes
    • 9.48.5 VAX Branch Improvement
    • 9.48.6 VAX Operands
    • 9.48.7 Not Supported on VAX
    • 9.48.8 VAX Syntax
      • 9.48.8.1 Special Characters
  • 9.49 Visium Dependent Features
    • 9.49.1 Options
    • 9.49.2 Syntax
      • 9.49.2.1 Special Characters
      • 9.49.2.2 Register Names
    • 9.49.3 Opcodes
  • 9.50 XGATE Dependent Features
    • 9.50.1 XGATE Options
    • 9.50.2 Syntax
    • 9.50.3 Assembler Directives
    • 9.50.4 Floating Point
    • 9.50.5 Opcodes
  • 9.51 XStormy16 Dependent Features
    • 9.51.1 Syntax
      • 9.51.1.1 Special Characters
    • 9.51.2 XStormy16 Machine Directives
    • 9.51.3 XStormy16 Pseudo-Opcodes
  • 9.52 Xtensa Dependent Features
    • 9.52.1 Command Line Options
    • 9.52.2 Assembler Syntax
      • 9.52.2.1 Opcode Names
      • 9.52.2.2 Register Names
    • 9.52.3 Xtensa Optimizations
      • 9.52.3.1 Using Density Instructions
      • 9.52.3.2 Automatic Instruction Alignment
    • 9.52.4 Xtensa Relaxation
      • 9.52.4.1 Conditional Branch Relaxation
      • 9.52.4.2 Function Call Relaxation
      • 9.52.4.3 Jump Relaxation
      • 9.52.4.4 Other Immediate Field Relaxation
    • 9.52.5 Directives
      • 9.52.5.1 schedule
      • 9.52.5.2 longcalls
      • 9.52.5.3 transform
      • 9.52.5.4 literal
      • 9.52.5.5 literal_position
      • 9.52.5.6 literal_prefix
      • 9.52.5.7 absolute-literals
  • 9.53 Z80 Dependent Features
    • 9.53.1 Options
    • 9.53.2 Syntax
      • 9.53.2.1 Special Characters
      • 9.53.2.2 Register Names
      • 9.53.2.3 Case Sensitivity
    • 9.53.3 Floating Point
    • 9.53.4 Z80 Assembler Directives
    • 9.53.5 Opcodes
  • 9.54 Z8000 Dependent Features
    • 9.54.1 Options
    • 9.54.2 Syntax
      • 9.54.2.1 Special Characters
      • 9.54.2.2 Register Names
      • 9.54.2.3 Addressing Modes
    • 9.54.3 Assembler Directives for the Z8000
    • 9.54.4 Opcodes
• 10 Reporting Bugs
  • 10.1 Have You Found a Bug?
  • 10.2 How to Report Bugs
• 11 Acknowledgements
• Appendix A GNU Free Documentation License
• AS Index