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<!-- This manual describes how to install and use the GNU multiple precision
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arithmetic library, version 6.1.0.
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Copyright 1991, 1993-2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under
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<title>ABI and ISA (GNU MP 6.1.0)</title>
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<meta name="description" content="How to install and use the GNU multiple precision arithmetic library, version 6.1.0.">
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<link href="Concept-Index.html#Concept-Index" rel="index" title="Concept Index">
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<link href="Installing-GMP.html#Installing-GMP" rel="up" title="Installing GMP">
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<link href="Notes-for-Package-Builds.html#Notes-for-Package-Builds" rel="next" title="Notes for Package Builds">
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<link href="Build-Options.html#Build-Options" rel="prev" title="Build Options">
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</head>
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<body lang="en">
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<a name="ABI-and-ISA"></a>
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<div class="header">
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<p>
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Next: <a href="Notes-for-Package-Builds.html#Notes-for-Package-Builds" accesskey="n" rel="next">Notes for Package Builds</a>, Previous: <a href="Build-Options.html#Build-Options" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Build Options</a>, Up: <a href="Installing-GMP.html#Installing-GMP" accesskey="u" rel="up">Installing GMP</a> [<a href="Concept-Index.html#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
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</div>
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<hr>
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<a name="ABI-and-ISA-1"></a>
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<h3 class="section">2.2 ABI and ISA</h3>
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<a name="index-ABI-1"></a>
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<a name="index-Application-Binary-Interface"></a>
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<a name="index-ISA"></a>
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<a name="index-Instruction-Set-Architecture"></a>
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<p>ABI (Application Binary Interface) refers to the calling conventions between
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functions, meaning what registers are used and what sizes the various C data
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types are. ISA (Instruction Set Architecture) refers to the instructions and
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registers a CPU has available.
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</p>
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<p>Some 64-bit ISA CPUs have both a 64-bit ABI and a 32-bit ABI defined, the
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latter for compatibility with older CPUs in the family. GMP supports some
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CPUs like this in both ABIs. In fact within GMP ‘<samp>ABI</samp>’ means a
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combination of chip ABI, plus how GMP chooses to use it. For example in some
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32-bit ABIs, GMP may support a limb as either a 32-bit <code>long</code> or a 64-bit
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<code>long long</code>.
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</p>
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<p>By default GMP chooses the best ABI available for a given system, and this
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generally gives significantly greater speed. But an ABI can be chosen
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explicitly to make GMP compatible with other libraries, or particular
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application requirements. For example,
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</p>
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<div class="example">
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<pre class="example">./configure ABI=32
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</pre></div>
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<p>In all cases it’s vital that all object code used in a given program is
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compiled for the same ABI.
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</p>
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<p>Usually a limb is implemented as a <code>long</code>. When a <code>long long</code> limb
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is used this is encoded in the generated <samp>gmp.h</samp>. This is convenient for
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applications, but it does mean that <samp>gmp.h</samp> will vary, and can’t be just
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copied around. <samp>gmp.h</samp> remains compiler independent though, since all
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compilers for a particular ABI will be expected to use the same limb type.
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</p>
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<p>Currently no attempt is made to follow whatever conventions a system has for
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installing library or header files built for a particular ABI. This will
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probably only matter when installing multiple builds of GMP, and it might be
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as simple as configuring with a special ‘<samp>libdir</samp>’, or it might require
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more than that. Note that builds for different ABIs need to done separately,
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with a fresh <code>./configure</code> and <code>make</code> each.
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</p>
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<br>
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<dl compact="compact">
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<dt>AMD64 (‘<samp>x86_64</samp>’)</dt>
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<dd><a name="index-AMD64"></a>
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<p>On AMD64 systems supporting both 32-bit and 64-bit modes for applications, the
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following ABI choices are available.
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</p>
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<dl compact="compact">
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<dt>‘<samp>ABI=64</samp>’</dt>
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<dd><p>The 64-bit ABI uses 64-bit limbs and pointers and makes full use of the chip
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architecture. This is the default. Applications will usually not need
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special compiler flags, but for reference the option is
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</p>
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<div class="example">
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<pre class="example">gcc -m64
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</pre></div>
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</dd>
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<dt>‘<samp>ABI=32</samp>’</dt>
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<dd><p>The 32-bit ABI is the usual i386 conventions. This will be slower, and is not
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recommended except for inter-operating with other code not yet 64-bit capable.
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Applications must be compiled with
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</p>
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<div class="example">
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<pre class="example">gcc -m32
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</pre></div>
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<p>(In GCC 2.95 and earlier there’s no ‘<samp>-m32</samp>’ option, it’s the only mode.)
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</p>
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</dd>
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<dt>‘<samp>ABI=x32</samp>’</dt>
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<dd><p>The x32 ABI uses 64-bit limbs but 32-bit pointers. Like the 64-bit ABI, it
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makes full use of the chip’s arithmetic capabilities. This ABI is not
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supported by all operating systems.
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</p>
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<div class="example">
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<pre class="example">gcc -mx32
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</pre></div>
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</dd>
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</dl>
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<br>
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</dd>
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<dt>HPPA 2.0 (‘<samp>hppa2.0*</samp>’, ‘<samp>hppa64</samp>’)</dt>
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<dd><a name="index-HPPA"></a>
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<a name="index-HP_002dUX"></a>
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<dl compact="compact">
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<dt>‘<samp>ABI=2.0w</samp>’</dt>
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<dd><p>The 2.0w ABI uses 64-bit limbs and pointers and is available on HP-UX 11 or
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up. Applications must be compiled with
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</p>
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<div class="example">
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<pre class="example">gcc [built for 2.0w]
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cc +DD64
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</pre></div>
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</dd>
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<dt>‘<samp>ABI=2.0n</samp>’</dt>
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<dd><p>The 2.0n ABI means the 32-bit HPPA 1.0 ABI and all its normal calling
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conventions, but with 64-bit instructions permitted within functions. GMP
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uses a 64-bit <code>long long</code> for a limb. This ABI is available on hppa64
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GNU/Linux and on HP-UX 10 or higher. Applications must be compiled with
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</p>
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<div class="example">
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<pre class="example">gcc [built for 2.0n]
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cc +DA2.0 +e
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</pre></div>
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<p>Note that current versions of GCC (eg. 3.2) don’t generate 64-bit
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instructions for <code>long long</code> operations and so may be slower than for
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2.0w. (The GMP assembly code is the same though.)
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</p>
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</dd>
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<dt>‘<samp>ABI=1.0</samp>’</dt>
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<dd><p>HPPA 2.0 CPUs can run all HPPA 1.0 and 1.1 code in the 32-bit HPPA 1.0 ABI.
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No special compiler options are needed for applications.
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</p></dd>
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</dl>
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<p>All three ABIs are available for CPU types ‘<samp>hppa2.0w</samp>’, ‘<samp>hppa2.0</samp>’ and
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‘<samp>hppa64</samp>’, but for CPU type ‘<samp>hppa2.0n</samp>’ only 2.0n or 1.0 are
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considered.
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</p>
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<p>Note that GCC on HP-UX has no options to choose between 2.0n and 2.0w modes,
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unlike HP <code>cc</code>. Instead it must be built for one or the other ABI.
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GMP will detect how it was built, and skip to the corresponding ‘<samp>ABI</samp>’.
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</p>
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<br>
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</dd>
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<dt>IA-64 under HP-UX (‘<samp>ia64*-*-hpux*</samp>’, ‘<samp>itanium*-*-hpux*</samp>’)</dt>
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<dd><a name="index-IA_002d64"></a>
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<a name="index-HP_002dUX-1"></a>
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<p>HP-UX supports two ABIs for IA-64. GMP performance is the same in both.
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</p>
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<dl compact="compact">
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<dt>‘<samp>ABI=32</samp>’</dt>
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<dd><p>In the 32-bit ABI, pointers, <code>int</code>s and <code>long</code>s are 32 bits and GMP
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uses a 64 bit <code>long long</code> for a limb. Applications can be compiled
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without any special flags since this ABI is the default in both HP C and GCC,
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but for reference the flags are
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</p>
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<div class="example">
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<pre class="example">gcc -milp32
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cc +DD32
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</pre></div>
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</dd>
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<dt>‘<samp>ABI=64</samp>’</dt>
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<dd><p>In the 64-bit ABI, <code>long</code>s and pointers are 64 bits and GMP uses a
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<code>long</code> for a limb. Applications must be compiled with
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</p>
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<div class="example">
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<pre class="example">gcc -mlp64
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cc +DD64
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</pre></div>
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</dd>
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</dl>
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<p>On other IA-64 systems, GNU/Linux for instance, ‘<samp>ABI=64</samp>’ is the only
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choice.
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</p>
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<br>
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</dd>
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<dt>MIPS under IRIX 6 (‘<samp>mips*-*-irix[6789]</samp>’)</dt>
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<dd><a name="index-MIPS"></a>
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<a name="index-IRIX"></a>
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<p>IRIX 6 always has a 64-bit MIPS 3 or better CPU, and supports ABIs o32, n32,
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and 64. n32 or 64 are recommended, and GMP performance will be the same in
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each. The default is n32.
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</p>
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<dl compact="compact">
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<dt>‘<samp>ABI=o32</samp>’</dt>
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<dd><p>The o32 ABI is 32-bit pointers and integers, and no 64-bit operations. GMP
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will be slower than in n32 or 64, this option only exists to support old
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compilers, eg. GCC 2.7.2. Applications can be compiled with no special
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flags on an old compiler, or on a newer compiler with
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</p>
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<div class="example">
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<pre class="example">gcc -mabi=32
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cc -32
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</pre></div>
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</dd>
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<dt>‘<samp>ABI=n32</samp>’</dt>
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<dd><p>The n32 ABI is 32-bit pointers and integers, but with a 64-bit limb using a
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<code>long long</code>. Applications must be compiled with
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</p>
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<div class="example">
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<pre class="example">gcc -mabi=n32
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cc -n32
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</pre></div>
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</dd>
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<dt>‘<samp>ABI=64</samp>’</dt>
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<dd><p>The 64-bit ABI is 64-bit pointers and integers. Applications must be compiled
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with
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</p>
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<div class="example">
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<pre class="example">gcc -mabi=64
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cc -64
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</pre></div>
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</dd>
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</dl>
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<p>Note that MIPS GNU/Linux, as of kernel version 2.2, doesn’t have the necessary
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support for n32 or 64 and so only gets a 32-bit limb and the MIPS 2 code.
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</p>
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<br>
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</dd>
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<dt>PowerPC 64 (‘<samp>powerpc64</samp>’, ‘<samp>powerpc620</samp>’, ‘<samp>powerpc630</samp>’, ‘<samp>powerpc970</samp>’, ‘<samp>power4</samp>’, ‘<samp>power5</samp>’)</dt>
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<dd><a name="index-PowerPC"></a>
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<dl compact="compact">
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<dt>‘<samp>ABI=mode64</samp>’</dt>
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<dd><a name="index-AIX"></a>
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<p>The AIX 64 ABI uses 64-bit limbs and pointers and is the default on PowerPC 64
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‘<samp>*-*-aix*</samp>’ systems. Applications must be compiled with
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|
</p>
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|
<div class="example">
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<pre class="example">gcc -maix64
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xlc -q64
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</pre></div>
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<p>On 64-bit GNU/Linux, BSD, and Mac OS X/Darwin systems, the applications must
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be compiled with
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</p>
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<div class="example">
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<pre class="example">gcc -m64
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</pre></div>
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</dd>
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<dt>‘<samp>ABI=mode32</samp>’</dt>
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<dd><p>The ‘<samp>mode32</samp>’ ABI uses a 64-bit <code>long long</code> limb but with the chip
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still in 32-bit mode and using 32-bit calling conventions. This is the default
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for systems where the true 64-bit ABI is unavailable. No special compiler
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options are typically needed for applications. This ABI is not available under
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AIX.
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</p>
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</dd>
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<dt>‘<samp>ABI=32</samp>’</dt>
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<dd><p>This is the basic 32-bit PowerPC ABI, with a 32-bit limb. No special compiler
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options are needed for applications.
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</p></dd>
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</dl>
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<p>GMP’s speed is greatest for the ‘<samp>mode64</samp>’ ABI, the ‘<samp>mode32</samp>’ ABI is 2nd
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best. In ‘<samp>ABI=32</samp>’ only the 32-bit ISA is used and this doesn’t make full
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use of a 64-bit chip.
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</p>
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<br>
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</dd>
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<dt>Sparc V9 (‘<samp>sparc64</samp>’, ‘<samp>sparcv9</samp>’, ‘<samp>ultrasparc*</samp>’)</dt>
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<dd><a name="index-Sparc-V9"></a>
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<a name="index-Solaris"></a>
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<a name="index-Sun"></a>
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|
<dl compact="compact">
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|
<dt>‘<samp>ABI=64</samp>’</dt>
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|
<dd><p>The 64-bit V9 ABI is available on the various BSD sparc64 ports, recent
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|
versions of Sparc64 GNU/Linux, and Solaris 2.7 and up (when the kernel is in
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|
64-bit mode). GCC 3.2 or higher, or Sun <code>cc</code> is required. On
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GNU/Linux, depending on the default <code>gcc</code> mode, applications must be
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|
compiled with
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|
</p>
|
|
<div class="example">
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|
<pre class="example">gcc -m64
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|
</pre></div>
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|
<p>On Solaris applications must be compiled with
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|
</p>
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|
<div class="example">
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|
<pre class="example">gcc -m64 -mptr64 -Wa,-xarch=v9 -mcpu=v9
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|
cc -xarch=v9
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|
</pre></div>
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<p>On the BSD sparc64 systems no special options are required, since 64-bits is
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the only ABI available.
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|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt>‘<samp>ABI=32</samp>’</dt>
|
|
<dd><p>For the basic 32-bit ABI, GMP still uses as much of the V9 ISA as it can. In
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|
the Sun documentation this combination is known as “v8plus”. On GNU/Linux,
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|
depending on the default <code>gcc</code> mode, applications may need to be
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|
compiled with
|
|
</p>
|
|
<div class="example">
|
|
<pre class="example">gcc -m32
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|
</pre></div>
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|
|
|
<p>On Solaris, no special compiler options are required for applications, though
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|
using something like the following is recommended. (<code>gcc</code> 2.8 and
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earlier only support ‘<samp>-mv8</samp>’ though.)
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</p>
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|
<div class="example">
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|
<pre class="example">gcc -mv8plus
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cc -xarch=v8plus
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</pre></div>
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|
</dd>
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|
</dl>
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|
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<p>GMP speed is greatest in ‘<samp>ABI=64</samp>’, so it’s the default where available.
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|
The speed is partly because there are extra registers available and partly
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|
because 64-bits is considered the more important case and has therefore had
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better code written for it.
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|
</p>
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|
<p>Don’t be confused by the names of the ‘<samp>-m</samp>’ and ‘<samp>-x</samp>’ compiler
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|
options, they’re called ‘<samp>arch</samp>’ but effectively control both ABI and ISA.
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|
</p>
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|
<p>On Solaris 2.6 and earlier, only ‘<samp>ABI=32</samp>’ is available since the kernel
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|
doesn’t save all registers.
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|
</p>
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|
<p>On Solaris 2.7 with the kernel in 32-bit mode, a normal native build will
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|
reject ‘<samp>ABI=64</samp>’ because the resulting executables won’t run.
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|
‘<samp>ABI=64</samp>’ can still be built if desired by making it look like a
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|
cross-compile, for example
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|
</p>
|
|
<div class="example">
|
|
<pre class="example">./configure --build=none --host=sparcv9-sun-solaris2.7 ABI=64
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</pre></div>
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|
</dd>
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|
</dl>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<hr>
|
|
<div class="header">
|
|
<p>
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