You cannot select more than 25 topics
Topics must start with a letter or number, can include dashes ('-') and can be up to 35 characters long.
316 lines
16 KiB
HTML
316 lines
16 KiB
HTML
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
|
|
<html>
|
|
<!-- This file documents the GNU Assembler "as".
|
|
|
|
Copyright (C) 1991-2019 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
|
|
|
|
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
|
|
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
|
|
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
|
|
with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no
|
|
Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the
|
|
section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".
|
|
-->
|
|
<!-- Created by GNU Texinfo 6.4, http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/ -->
|
|
<head>
|
|
<title>HPPA Directives (Using as)</title>
|
|
|
|
<meta name="description" content="HPPA Directives (Using as)">
|
|
<meta name="keywords" content="HPPA Directives (Using as)">
|
|
<meta name="resource-type" content="document">
|
|
<meta name="distribution" content="global">
|
|
<meta name="Generator" content="makeinfo">
|
|
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
|
|
<link href="index.html#Top" rel="start" title="Top">
|
|
<link href="AS-Index.html#AS-Index" rel="index" title="AS Index">
|
|
<link href="index.html#SEC_Contents" rel="contents" title="Table of Contents">
|
|
<link href="HPPA_002dDependent.html#HPPA_002dDependent" rel="up" title="HPPA-Dependent">
|
|
<link href="HPPA-Opcodes.html#HPPA-Opcodes" rel="next" title="HPPA Opcodes">
|
|
<link href="HPPA-Floating-Point.html#HPPA-Floating-Point" rel="prev" title="HPPA Floating Point">
|
|
<style type="text/css">
|
|
<!--
|
|
a.summary-letter {text-decoration: none}
|
|
blockquote.indentedblock {margin-right: 0em}
|
|
blockquote.smallindentedblock {margin-right: 0em; font-size: smaller}
|
|
blockquote.smallquotation {font-size: smaller}
|
|
div.display {margin-left: 3.2em}
|
|
div.example {margin-left: 3.2em}
|
|
div.lisp {margin-left: 3.2em}
|
|
div.smalldisplay {margin-left: 3.2em}
|
|
div.smallexample {margin-left: 3.2em}
|
|
div.smalllisp {margin-left: 3.2em}
|
|
kbd {font-style: oblique}
|
|
pre.display {font-family: inherit}
|
|
pre.format {font-family: inherit}
|
|
pre.menu-comment {font-family: serif}
|
|
pre.menu-preformatted {font-family: serif}
|
|
pre.smalldisplay {font-family: inherit; font-size: smaller}
|
|
pre.smallexample {font-size: smaller}
|
|
pre.smallformat {font-family: inherit; font-size: smaller}
|
|
pre.smalllisp {font-size: smaller}
|
|
span.nolinebreak {white-space: nowrap}
|
|
span.roman {font-family: initial; font-weight: normal}
|
|
span.sansserif {font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: normal}
|
|
ul.no-bullet {list-style: none}
|
|
-->
|
|
</style>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</head>
|
|
|
|
<body lang="en">
|
|
<a name="HPPA-Directives"></a>
|
|
<div class="header">
|
|
<p>
|
|
Next: <a href="HPPA-Opcodes.html#HPPA-Opcodes" accesskey="n" rel="next">HPPA Opcodes</a>, Previous: <a href="HPPA-Floating-Point.html#HPPA-Floating-Point" accesskey="p" rel="prev">HPPA Floating Point</a>, Up: <a href="HPPA_002dDependent.html#HPPA_002dDependent" accesskey="u" rel="up">HPPA-Dependent</a> [<a href="index.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="AS-Index.html#AS-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<hr>
|
|
<a name="HPPA-Assembler-Directives"></a>
|
|
<h4 class="subsection">9.14.5 HPPA Assembler Directives</h4>
|
|
|
|
<p><code>as</code> for the HPPA supports many additional directives for
|
|
compatibility with the native assembler. This section describes them only
|
|
briefly. For detailed information on HPPA-specific assembler directives, see
|
|
<cite>HP9000 Series 800 Assembly Language Reference Manual</cite> (HP 92432-90001).
|
|
</p>
|
|
<a name="index-HPPA-directives-not-supported"></a>
|
|
<p><code>as</code> does <em>not</em> support the following assembler directives
|
|
described in the HP manual:
|
|
</p>
|
|
<div class="example">
|
|
<pre class="example">.endm .liston
|
|
.enter .locct
|
|
.leave .macro
|
|
.listoff
|
|
</pre></div>
|
|
|
|
<a name="index-_002eparam-on-HPPA"></a>
|
|
<p>Beyond those implemented for compatibility, <code>as</code> supports one
|
|
additional assembler directive for the HPPA: <code>.param</code>. It conveys
|
|
register argument locations for static functions. Its syntax closely follows
|
|
the <code>.export</code> directive.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<a name="index-HPPA_002donly-directives"></a>
|
|
<p>These are the additional directives in <code>as</code> for the HPPA:
|
|
</p>
|
|
<dl compact="compact">
|
|
<dt><code>.block <var>n</var></code></dt>
|
|
<dt><code>.blockz <var>n</var></code></dt>
|
|
<dd><p>Reserve <var>n</var> bytes of storage, and initialize them to zero.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt><code>.call</code></dt>
|
|
<dd><p>Mark the beginning of a procedure call. Only the special case with <em>no
|
|
arguments</em> is allowed.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt><code>.callinfo [ <var>param</var>=<var>value</var>, … ] [ <var>flag</var>, … ]</code></dt>
|
|
<dd><p>Specify a number of parameters and flags that define the environment for a
|
|
procedure.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p><var>param</var> may be any of ‘<samp>frame</samp>’ (frame size), ‘<samp>entry_gr</samp>’ (end of
|
|
general register range), ‘<samp>entry_fr</samp>’ (end of float register range),
|
|
‘<samp>entry_sr</samp>’ (end of space register range).
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>The values for <var>flag</var> are ‘<samp>calls</samp>’ or ‘<samp>caller</samp>’ (proc has
|
|
subroutines), ‘<samp>no_calls</samp>’ (proc does not call subroutines), ‘<samp>save_rp</samp>’
|
|
(preserve return pointer), ‘<samp>save_sp</samp>’ (proc preserves stack pointer),
|
|
‘<samp>no_unwind</samp>’ (do not unwind this proc), ‘<samp>hpux_int</samp>’ (proc is interrupt
|
|
routine).
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt><code>.code</code></dt>
|
|
<dd><p>Assemble into the standard section called ‘<samp>$TEXT$</samp>’, subsection
|
|
‘<samp>$CODE$</samp>’.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt><code>.copyright "<var>string</var>"</code></dt>
|
|
<dd><p>In the SOM object format, insert <var>string</var> into the object code, marked as a
|
|
copyright string.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt><code>.copyright "<var>string</var>"</code></dt>
|
|
<dd><p>In the ELF object format, insert <var>string</var> into the object code, marked as a
|
|
version string.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt><code>.enter</code></dt>
|
|
<dd><p>Not yet supported; the assembler rejects programs containing this directive.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt><code>.entry</code></dt>
|
|
<dd><p>Mark the beginning of a procedure.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt><code>.exit</code></dt>
|
|
<dd><p>Mark the end of a procedure.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt><code>.export <var>name</var> [ ,<var>typ</var> ] [ ,<var>param</var>=<var>r</var> ]</code></dt>
|
|
<dd><p>Make a procedure <var>name</var> available to callers. <var>typ</var>, if present, must
|
|
be one of ‘<samp>absolute</samp>’, ‘<samp>code</samp>’ (ELF only, not SOM), ‘<samp>data</samp>’,
|
|
‘<samp>entry</samp>’, ‘<samp>data</samp>’, ‘<samp>entry</samp>’, ‘<samp>millicode</samp>’, ‘<samp>plabel</samp>’,
|
|
‘<samp>pri_prog</samp>’, or ‘<samp>sec_prog</samp>’.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p><var>param</var>, if present, provides either relocation information for the
|
|
procedure arguments and result, or a privilege level. <var>param</var> may be
|
|
‘<samp>argw<var>n</var></samp>’ (where <var>n</var> ranges from <code>0</code> to <code>3</code>, and
|
|
indicates one of four one-word arguments); ‘<samp>rtnval</samp>’ (the procedure’s
|
|
result); or ‘<samp>priv_lev</samp>’ (privilege level). For arguments or the result,
|
|
<var>r</var> specifies how to relocate, and must be one of ‘<samp>no</samp>’ (not
|
|
relocatable), ‘<samp>gr</samp>’ (argument is in general register), ‘<samp>fr</samp>’ (in
|
|
floating point register), or ‘<samp>fu</samp>’ (upper half of float register).
|
|
For ‘<samp>priv_lev</samp>’, <var>r</var> is an integer.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt><code>.half <var>n</var></code></dt>
|
|
<dd><p>Define a two-byte integer constant <var>n</var>; synonym for the portable
|
|
<code>as</code> directive <code>.short</code>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt><code>.import <var>name</var> [ ,<var>typ</var> ]</code></dt>
|
|
<dd><p>Converse of <code>.export</code>; make a procedure available to call. The arguments
|
|
use the same conventions as the first two arguments for <code>.export</code>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt><code>.label <var>name</var></code></dt>
|
|
<dd><p>Define <var>name</var> as a label for the current assembly location.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt><code>.leave</code></dt>
|
|
<dd><p>Not yet supported; the assembler rejects programs containing this directive.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt><code>.origin <var>lc</var></code></dt>
|
|
<dd><p>Advance location counter to <var>lc</var>. Synonym for the <code>as</code>
|
|
portable directive <code>.org</code>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt><code>.param <var>name</var> [ ,<var>typ</var> ] [ ,<var>param</var>=<var>r</var> ]</code></dt>
|
|
<dd><p>Similar to <code>.export</code>, but used for static procedures.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt><code>.proc</code></dt>
|
|
<dd><p>Use preceding the first statement of a procedure.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt><code>.procend</code></dt>
|
|
<dd><p>Use following the last statement of a procedure.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt><code><var>label</var> .reg <var>expr</var></code></dt>
|
|
<dd><p>Synonym for <code>.equ</code>; define <var>label</var> with the absolute expression
|
|
<var>expr</var> as its value.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt><code>.space <var>secname</var> [ ,<var>params</var> ]</code></dt>
|
|
<dd><p>Switch to section <var>secname</var>, creating a new section by that name if
|
|
necessary. You may only use <var>params</var> when creating a new section, not
|
|
when switching to an existing one. <var>secname</var> may identify a section by
|
|
number rather than by name.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>If specified, the list <var>params</var> declares attributes of the section,
|
|
identified by keywords. The keywords recognized are ‘<samp>spnum=<var>exp</var></samp>’
|
|
(identify this section by the number <var>exp</var>, an absolute expression),
|
|
‘<samp>sort=<var>exp</var></samp>’ (order sections according to this sort key when linking;
|
|
<var>exp</var> is an absolute expression), ‘<samp>unloadable</samp>’ (section contains no
|
|
loadable data), ‘<samp>notdefined</samp>’ (this section defined elsewhere), and
|
|
‘<samp>private</samp>’ (data in this section not available to other programs).
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt><code>.spnum <var>secnam</var></code></dt>
|
|
<dd><p>Allocate four bytes of storage, and initialize them with the section number of
|
|
the section named <var>secnam</var>. (You can define the section number with the
|
|
HPPA <code>.space</code> directive.)
|
|
</p>
|
|
<a name="index-string-directive-on-HPPA"></a>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt><code>.string "<var>str</var>"</code></dt>
|
|
<dd><p>Copy the characters in the string <var>str</var> to the object file.
|
|
See <a href="Strings.html#Strings">Strings</a>, for information on escape sequences you can use in
|
|
<code>as</code> strings.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p><em>Warning!</em> The HPPA version of <code>.string</code> differs from the
|
|
usual <code>as</code> definition: it does <em>not</em> write a zero byte
|
|
after copying <var>str</var>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt><code>.stringz "<var>str</var>"</code></dt>
|
|
<dd><p>Like <code>.string</code>, but appends a zero byte after copying <var>str</var> to object
|
|
file.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt><code>.subspa <var>name</var> [ ,<var>params</var> ]</code></dt>
|
|
<dt><code>.nsubspa <var>name</var> [ ,<var>params</var> ]</code></dt>
|
|
<dd><p>Similar to <code>.space</code>, but selects a subsection <var>name</var> within the
|
|
current section. You may only specify <var>params</var> when you create a
|
|
subsection (in the first instance of <code>.subspa</code> for this <var>name</var>).
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>If specified, the list <var>params</var> declares attributes of the subsection,
|
|
identified by keywords. The keywords recognized are ‘<samp>quad=<var>expr</var></samp>’
|
|
(“quadrant” for this subsection), ‘<samp>align=<var>expr</var></samp>’ (alignment for
|
|
beginning of this subsection; a power of two), ‘<samp>access=<var>expr</var></samp>’ (value
|
|
for “access rights” field), ‘<samp>sort=<var>expr</var></samp>’ (sorting order for this
|
|
subspace in link), ‘<samp>code_only</samp>’ (subsection contains only code),
|
|
‘<samp>unloadable</samp>’ (subsection cannot be loaded into memory), ‘<samp>comdat</samp>’
|
|
(subsection is comdat), ‘<samp>common</samp>’ (subsection is common block),
|
|
‘<samp>dup_comm</samp>’ (subsection may have duplicate names), or ‘<samp>zero</samp>’
|
|
(subsection is all zeros, do not write in object file).
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p><code>.nsubspa</code> always creates a new subspace with the given name, even
|
|
if one with the same name already exists.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>‘<samp>comdat</samp>’, ‘<samp>common</samp>’ and ‘<samp>dup_comm</samp>’ can be used to implement
|
|
various flavors of one-only support when using the SOM linker. The SOM
|
|
linker only supports specific combinations of these flags. The details
|
|
are not documented. A brief description is provided here.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>‘<samp>comdat</samp>’ provides a form of linkonce support. It is useful for
|
|
both code and data subspaces. A ‘<samp>comdat</samp>’ subspace has a key symbol
|
|
marked by the ‘<samp>is_comdat</samp>’ flag or ‘<samp>ST_COMDAT</samp>’. Only the first
|
|
subspace for any given key is selected. The key symbol becomes universal
|
|
in shared links. This is similar to the behavior of ‘<samp>secondary_def</samp>’
|
|
symbols.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>‘<samp>common</samp>’ provides Fortran named common support. It is only useful
|
|
for data subspaces. Symbols with the flag ‘<samp>is_common</samp>’ retain this
|
|
flag in shared links. Referencing a ‘<samp>is_common</samp>’ symbol in a shared
|
|
library from outside the library doesn’t work. Thus, ‘<samp>is_common</samp>’
|
|
symbols must be output whenever they are needed.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>‘<samp>common</samp>’ and ‘<samp>dup_comm</samp>’ together provide Cobol common support.
|
|
The subspaces in this case must all be the same length. Otherwise, this
|
|
support is similar to the Fortran common support.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>‘<samp>dup_comm</samp>’ by itself provides a type of one-only support for code.
|
|
Only the first ‘<samp>dup_comm</samp>’ subspace is selected. There is a rather
|
|
complex algorithm to compare subspaces. Code symbols marked with the
|
|
‘<samp>dup_common</samp>’ flag are hidden. This support was intended for "C++
|
|
duplicate inlines".
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>A simplified technique is used to mark the flags of symbols based on
|
|
the flags of their subspace. A symbol with the scope SS_UNIVERSAL and
|
|
type ST_ENTRY, ST_CODE or ST_DATA is marked with the corresponding
|
|
settings of ‘<samp>comdat</samp>’, ‘<samp>common</samp>’ and ‘<samp>dup_comm</samp>’ from the
|
|
subspace, respectively. This avoids having to introduce additional
|
|
directives to mark these symbols. The HP assembler sets ‘<samp>is_common</samp>’
|
|
from ‘<samp>common</samp>’. However, it doesn’t set the ‘<samp>dup_common</samp>’ from
|
|
‘<samp>dup_comm</samp>’. It doesn’t have ‘<samp>comdat</samp>’ support.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt><code>.version "<var>str</var>"</code></dt>
|
|
<dd><p>Write <var>str</var> as version identifier in object code.
|
|
</p></dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
|
|
<hr>
|
|
<div class="header">
|
|
<p>
|
|
Next: <a href="HPPA-Opcodes.html#HPPA-Opcodes" accesskey="n" rel="next">HPPA Opcodes</a>, Previous: <a href="HPPA-Floating-Point.html#HPPA-Floating-Point" accesskey="p" rel="prev">HPPA Floating Point</a>, Up: <a href="HPPA_002dDependent.html#HPPA_002dDependent" accesskey="u" rel="up">HPPA-Dependent</a> [<a href="index.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="AS-Index.html#AS-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</body>
|
|
</html>
|