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<a name="strings"></a>
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Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="strip.html#strip">strip</a>,
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Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="size.html#size">size</a>,
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<h2 class="chapter">7 strings</h2>
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<p><a name="index-strings-123"></a><a name="index-listings-strings-124"></a><a name="index-printing-strings-125"></a><a name="index-strings_002c-printing-126"></a>
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<!-- man title strings print the strings of printable characters in files. -->
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<pre class="smallexample"> <!-- man begin SYNOPSIS strings -->
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strings [<samp><span class="option">-afovV</span></samp>] [<samp><span class="option">-</span></samp><var>min-len</var>]
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[<samp><span class="option">-n</span></samp> <var>min-len</var>] [<samp><span class="option">--bytes=</span></samp><var>min-len</var>]
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[<samp><span class="option">-t</span></samp> <var>radix</var>] [<samp><span class="option">--radix=</span></samp><var>radix</var>]
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[<samp><span class="option">-e</span></samp> <var>encoding</var>] [<samp><span class="option">--encoding=</span></samp><var>encoding</var>]
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[<samp><span class="option">-</span></samp>] [<samp><span class="option">--all</span></samp>] [<samp><span class="option">--print-file-name</span></samp>]
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[<samp><span class="option">-T</span></samp> <var>bfdname</var>] [<samp><span class="option">--target=</span></samp><var>bfdname</var>]
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[<samp><span class="option">-w</span></samp>] [<samp><span class="option">--include-all-whitespace</span></samp>]
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[<samp><span class="option">-s</span></samp>] [<samp><span class="option">--output-separator</span></samp><var>sep_string</var>]
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[<samp><span class="option">--help</span></samp>] [<samp><span class="option">--version</span></samp>] <var>file</var>...
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<!-- man end -->
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</pre>
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<!-- man begin DESCRIPTION strings -->
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<p>For each <var>file</var> given, <span class="sc">gnu</span> <samp><span class="command">strings</span></samp> prints the
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printable character sequences that are at least 4 characters long (or
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the number given with the options below) and are followed by an
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unprintable character.
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<p>Depending upon how the strings program was configured it will default
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to either displaying all the printable sequences that it can find in
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each file, or only those sequences that are in loadable, initialized
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data sections. If the file type in unrecognizable, or if strings is
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reading from stdin then it will always display all of the printable
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sequences that it can find.
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<p>For backwards compatibility any file that occurs after a command line
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option of just <samp><span class="option">-</span></samp> will also be scanned in full, regardless of
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the presence of any <samp><span class="option">-d</span></samp> option.
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<p><samp><span class="command">strings</span></samp> is mainly useful for determining the contents of
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non-text files.
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<!-- man end -->
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<!-- man begin OPTIONS strings -->
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<dl>
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<dt><samp><span class="env">-a</span></samp><dt><samp><span class="env">--all</span></samp><dt><samp><span class="env">-</span></samp><dd>Scan the whole file, regardless of what sections it contains or
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whether those sections are loaded or initialized. Normally this is
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the default behaviour, but strings can be configured so that the
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<samp><span class="option">-d</span></samp> is the default instead.
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<p>The <samp><span class="option">-</span></samp> option is position dependent and forces strings to
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perform full scans of any file that is mentioned after the <samp><span class="option">-</span></samp>
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on the command line, even if the <samp><span class="option">-d</span></samp> option has been
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specified.
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<br><dt><samp><span class="env">-d</span></samp><dt><samp><span class="env">--data</span></samp><dd>Only print strings from initialized, loaded data sections in the
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file. This may reduce the amount of garbage in the output, but it
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also exposes the strings program to any security flaws that may be
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present in the BFD library used to scan and load sections. Strings
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can be configured so that this option is the default behaviour. In
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such cases the <samp><span class="option">-a</span></samp> option can be used to avoid using the BFD
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library and instead just print all of the strings found in the file.
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<br><dt><samp><span class="env">-f</span></samp><dt><samp><span class="env">--print-file-name</span></samp><dd>Print the name of the file before each string.
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<br><dt><samp><span class="env">--help</span></samp><dd>Print a summary of the program usage on the standard output and exit.
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<br><dt><samp><span class="env">-</span><var>min-len</var></samp><dt><samp><span class="env">-n </span><var>min-len</var></samp><dt><samp><span class="env">--bytes=</span><var>min-len</var></samp><dd>Print sequences of characters that are at least <var>min-len</var> characters
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long, instead of the default 4.
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<br><dt><samp><span class="env">-o</span></samp><dd>Like ‘<samp><span class="samp">-t o</span></samp>’. Some other versions of <samp><span class="command">strings</span></samp> have <samp><span class="option">-o</span></samp>
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act like ‘<samp><span class="samp">-t d</span></samp>’ instead. Since we can not be compatible with both
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ways, we simply chose one.
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<br><dt><samp><span class="env">-t </span><var>radix</var></samp><dt><samp><span class="env">--radix=</span><var>radix</var></samp><dd>Print the offset within the file before each string. The single
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character argument specifies the radix of the offset—‘<samp><span class="samp">o</span></samp>’ for
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octal, ‘<samp><span class="samp">x</span></samp>’ for hexadecimal, or ‘<samp><span class="samp">d</span></samp>’ for decimal.
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<br><dt><samp><span class="env">-e </span><var>encoding</var></samp><dt><samp><span class="env">--encoding=</span><var>encoding</var></samp><dd>Select the character encoding of the strings that are to be found.
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Possible values for <var>encoding</var> are: ‘<samp><span class="samp">s</span></samp>’ = single-7-bit-byte
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characters (ASCII, ISO 8859, etc., default), ‘<samp><span class="samp">S</span></samp>’ =
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single-8-bit-byte characters, ‘<samp><span class="samp">b</span></samp>’ = 16-bit bigendian, ‘<samp><span class="samp">l</span></samp>’ =
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16-bit littleendian, ‘<samp><span class="samp">B</span></samp>’ = 32-bit bigendian, ‘<samp><span class="samp">L</span></samp>’ = 32-bit
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littleendian. Useful for finding wide character strings. (‘<samp><span class="samp">l</span></samp>’
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and ‘<samp><span class="samp">b</span></samp>’ apply to, for example, Unicode UTF-16/UCS-2 encodings).
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<br><dt><samp><span class="env">-T </span><var>bfdname</var></samp><dt><samp><span class="env">--target=</span><var>bfdname</var></samp><dd><a name="index-object-code-format-127"></a>Specify an object code format other than your system's default format.
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See <a href="Target-Selection.html#Target-Selection">Target Selection</a>, for more information.
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<br><dt><samp><span class="env">-v</span></samp><dt><samp><span class="env">-V</span></samp><dt><samp><span class="env">--version</span></samp><dd>Print the program version number on the standard output and exit.
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<br><dt><samp><span class="env">-w</span></samp><dt><samp><span class="env">--include-all-whitespace</span></samp><dd>By default tab and space characters are included in the strings that
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are displayed, but other whitespace characters, such a newlines and
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carriage returns, are not. The <samp><span class="option">-w</span></samp> option changes this so
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that all whitespace characters are considered to be part of a string.
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<br><dt><samp><span class="env">-s</span></samp><dt><samp><span class="env">--output-separator</span></samp><dd>By default, output strings are delimited by a new-line. This option
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allows you to supply any string to be used as the output record
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separator. Useful with –include-all-whitespace where strings
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may contain new-lines internally.
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</dl>
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<!-- man end -->
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