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<a name="ar"></a>
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Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="nm.html#nm">nm</a>,
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<h2 class="chapter">1 ar</h2>
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<p><a name="index-ar-2"></a><a name="index-archives-3"></a><a name="index-collections-of-files-4"></a>
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<!-- man title ar create, modify, and extract from archives -->
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<pre class="smallexample"> ar [-]<var>p</var>[<var>mod</var>] [<samp><span class="option">--plugin</span></samp> <var>name</var>] [<samp><span class="option">--target</span></samp> <var>bfdname</var>] [<var>relpos</var>] [<var>count</var>] <var>archive</var> [<var>member</var>...]
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ar -M [ <mri-script ]
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</pre>
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<!-- man begin DESCRIPTION ar -->
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<p>The <span class="sc">gnu</span> <samp><span class="command">ar</span></samp> program creates, modifies, and extracts from
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archives. An <dfn>archive</dfn> is a single file holding a collection of
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other files in a structure that makes it possible to retrieve
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the original individual files (called <dfn>members</dfn> of the archive).
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<p>The original files' contents, mode (permissions), timestamp, owner, and
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group are preserved in the archive, and can be restored on
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extraction.
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<p><a name="index-name-length-5"></a><span class="sc">gnu</span> <samp><span class="command">ar</span></samp> can maintain archives whose members have names of any
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length; however, depending on how <samp><span class="command">ar</span></samp> is configured on your
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system, a limit on member-name length may be imposed for compatibility
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with archive formats maintained with other tools. If it exists, the
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limit is often 15 characters (typical of formats related to a.out) or 16
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characters (typical of formats related to coff).
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<p><a name="index-libraries-6"></a><samp><span class="command">ar</span></samp> is considered a binary utility because archives of this sort
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are most often used as <dfn>libraries</dfn> holding commonly needed
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subroutines.
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<p><a name="index-symbol-index-7"></a><samp><span class="command">ar</span></samp> creates an index to the symbols defined in relocatable
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object modules in the archive when you specify the modifier ‘<samp><span class="samp">s</span></samp>’.
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Once created, this index is updated in the archive whenever <samp><span class="command">ar</span></samp>
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makes a change to its contents (save for the ‘<samp><span class="samp">q</span></samp>’ update operation).
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An archive with such an index speeds up linking to the library, and
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allows routines in the library to call each other without regard to
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their placement in the archive.
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<p>You may use ‘<samp><span class="samp">nm -s</span></samp>’ or ‘<samp><span class="samp">nm --print-armap</span></samp>’ to list this index
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table. If an archive lacks the table, another form of <samp><span class="command">ar</span></samp> called
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<samp><span class="command">ranlib</span></samp> can be used to add just the table.
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<p><a name="index-thin-archives-8"></a><span class="sc">gnu</span> <samp><span class="command">ar</span></samp> can optionally create a <em>thin</em> archive,
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which contains a symbol index and references to the original copies
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of the member files of the archive. This is useful for building
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libraries for use within a local build tree, where the relocatable
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objects are expected to remain available, and copying the contents of
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each object would only waste time and space.
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<p>An archive can either be <em>thin</em> or it can be normal. It cannot
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be both at the same time. Once an archive is created its format
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cannot be changed without first deleting it and then creating a new
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archive in its place.
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<p>Thin archives are also <em>flattened</em>, so that adding one thin
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archive to another thin archive does not nest it, as would happen with
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a normal archive. Instead the elements of the first archive are added
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individually to the second archive.
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<p>The paths to the elements of the archive are stored relative to the
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archive itself.
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<p><a name="index-compatibility_002c-_0040command_007bar_007d-9"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040command_007bar_007d-compatibility-10"></a><span class="sc">gnu</span> <samp><span class="command">ar</span></samp> is designed to be compatible with two different
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facilities. You can control its activity using command-line options,
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like the different varieties of <samp><span class="command">ar</span></samp> on Unix systems; or, if you
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specify the single command-line option <samp><span class="option">-M</span></samp>, you can control it
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with a script supplied via standard input, like the MRI “librarian”
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program.
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<!-- man end -->
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<ul class="menu">
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<li><a accesskey="1" href="ar-cmdline.html#ar-cmdline">ar cmdline</a>: Controlling <samp><span class="command">ar</span></samp> on the command line
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<li><a accesskey="2" href="ar-scripts.html#ar-scripts">ar scripts</a>: Controlling <samp><span class="command">ar</span></samp> with a script
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</ul>
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