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This file documents the GNU linker LD
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Copyright (C) 1991-2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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<a name="Input-Section-Wildcards"></a>
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Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="Input-Section-Common.html#Input-Section-Common">Input Section Common</a>,
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Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="Input-Section-Basics.html#Input-Section-Basics">Input Section Basics</a>,
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<h5 class="subsubsection">3.6.4.2 Input Section Wildcard Patterns</h5>
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<p><a name="index-input-section-wildcards-431"></a><a name="index-wildcard-file-name-patterns-432"></a><a name="index-file-name-wildcard-patterns-433"></a><a name="index-section-name-wildcard-patterns-434"></a>In an input section description, either the file name or the section
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name or both may be wildcard patterns.
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<p>The file name of ‘<samp><span class="samp">*</span></samp>’ seen in many examples is a simple wildcard
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pattern for the file name.
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<p>The wildcard patterns are like those used by the Unix shell.
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<dl>
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<dt>‘<samp><span class="samp">*</span></samp>’<dd>matches any number of characters
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<br><dt>‘<samp><span class="samp">?</span></samp>’<dd>matches any single character
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<br><dt>‘<samp><span class="samp">[</span><var>chars</var><span class="samp">]</span></samp>’<dd>matches a single instance of any of the <var>chars</var>; the ‘<samp><span class="samp">-</span></samp>’
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character may be used to specify a range of characters, as in
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‘<samp><span class="samp">[a-z]</span></samp>’ to match any lower case letter
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<br><dt>‘<samp><span class="samp">\</span></samp>’<dd>quotes the following character
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</dl>
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<p>When a file name is matched with a wildcard, the wildcard characters
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will not match a ‘<samp><span class="samp">/</span></samp>’ character (used to separate directory names on
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Unix). A pattern consisting of a single ‘<samp><span class="samp">*</span></samp>’ character is an
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exception; it will always match any file name, whether it contains a
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‘<samp><span class="samp">/</span></samp>’ or not. In a section name, the wildcard characters will match
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a ‘<samp><span class="samp">/</span></samp>’ character.
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<p>File name wildcard patterns only match files which are explicitly
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specified on the command line or in an <code>INPUT</code> command. The linker
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does not search directories to expand wildcards.
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<p>If a file name matches more than one wildcard pattern, or if a file name
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appears explicitly and is also matched by a wildcard pattern, the linker
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will use the first match in the linker script. For example, this
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sequence of input section descriptions is probably in error, because the
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<samp><span class="file">data.o</span></samp> rule will not be used:
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<pre class="smallexample"> .data : { *(.data) }
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.data1 : { data.o(.data) }
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</pre>
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<p><a name="index-SORT_005fBY_005fNAME-435"></a>Normally, the linker will place files and sections matched by wildcards
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in the order in which they are seen during the link. You can change
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this by using the <code>SORT_BY_NAME</code> keyword, which appears before a wildcard
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pattern in parentheses (e.g., <code>SORT_BY_NAME(.text*)</code>). When the
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<code>SORT_BY_NAME</code> keyword is used, the linker will sort the files or sections
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into ascending order by name before placing them in the output file.
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<p><a name="index-SORT_005fBY_005fALIGNMENT-436"></a><code>SORT_BY_ALIGNMENT</code> is very similar to <code>SORT_BY_NAME</code>. The
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difference is <code>SORT_BY_ALIGNMENT</code> will sort sections into
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descending order by alignment before placing them in the output file.
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Larger alignments are placed before smaller alignments in order to
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reduce the amount of padding necessary.
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<p><a name="index-SORT_005fBY_005fINIT_005fPRIORITY-437"></a><code>SORT_BY_INIT_PRIORITY</code> is very similar to <code>SORT_BY_NAME</code>. The
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difference is <code>SORT_BY_INIT_PRIORITY</code> will sort sections into
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ascending order by numerical value of the GCC init_priority attribute
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encoded in the section name before placing them in the output file.
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<p><a name="index-SORT-438"></a><code>SORT</code> is an alias for <code>SORT_BY_NAME</code>.
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<p>When there are nested section sorting commands in linker script, there
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can be at most 1 level of nesting for section sorting commands.
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<ol type=1 start=1>
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<li><code>SORT_BY_NAME</code> (<code>SORT_BY_ALIGNMENT</code> (wildcard section pattern)).
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It will sort the input sections by name first, then by alignment if two
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sections have the same name.
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<li><code>SORT_BY_ALIGNMENT</code> (<code>SORT_BY_NAME</code> (wildcard section pattern)).
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It will sort the input sections by alignment first, then by name if two
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sections have the same alignment.
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<li><code>SORT_BY_NAME</code> (<code>SORT_BY_NAME</code> (wildcard section pattern)) is
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treated the same as <code>SORT_BY_NAME</code> (wildcard section pattern).
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<li><code>SORT_BY_ALIGNMENT</code> (<code>SORT_BY_ALIGNMENT</code> (wildcard section pattern))
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is treated the same as <code>SORT_BY_ALIGNMENT</code> (wildcard section pattern).
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<li>All other nested section sorting commands are invalid.
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</ol>
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<p>When both command line section sorting option and linker script
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section sorting command are used, section sorting command always
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takes precedence over the command line option.
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<p>If the section sorting command in linker script isn't nested, the
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command line option will make the section sorting command to be
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treated as nested sorting command.
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<ol type=1 start=1>
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<li><code>SORT_BY_NAME</code> (wildcard section pattern ) with
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<samp><span class="option">--sort-sections alignment</span></samp> is equivalent to
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<code>SORT_BY_NAME</code> (<code>SORT_BY_ALIGNMENT</code> (wildcard section pattern)).
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<li><code>SORT_BY_ALIGNMENT</code> (wildcard section pattern) with
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<samp><span class="option">--sort-section name</span></samp> is equivalent to
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<code>SORT_BY_ALIGNMENT</code> (<code>SORT_BY_NAME</code> (wildcard section pattern)).
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</ol>
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<p>If the section sorting command in linker script is nested, the
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command line option will be ignored.
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<p><a name="index-SORT_005fNONE-439"></a><code>SORT_NONE</code> disables section sorting by ignoring the command line
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section sorting option.
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<p>If you ever get confused about where input sections are going, use the
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‘<samp><span class="samp">-M</span></samp>’ linker option to generate a map file. The map file shows
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precisely how input sections are mapped to output sections.
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<p>This example shows how wildcard patterns might be used to partition
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files. This linker script directs the linker to place all ‘<samp><span class="samp">.text</span></samp>’
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sections in ‘<samp><span class="samp">.text</span></samp>’ and all ‘<samp><span class="samp">.bss</span></samp>’ sections in ‘<samp><span class="samp">.bss</span></samp>’.
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The linker will place the ‘<samp><span class="samp">.data</span></samp>’ section from all files beginning
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with an upper case character in ‘<samp><span class="samp">.DATA</span></samp>’; for all other files, the
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linker will place the ‘<samp><span class="samp">.data</span></samp>’ section in ‘<samp><span class="samp">.data</span></samp>’.
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<pre class="smallexample"> SECTIONS {
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.text : { *(.text) }
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.DATA : { [A-Z]*(.data) }
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.data : { *(.data) }
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.bss : { *(.bss) }
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}
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</pre>
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