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187 lines
10 KiB
HTML
187 lines
10 KiB
HTML
4 years ago
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
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<html>
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<!-- Copyright (C) 1992-2019 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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Contributed by Cygnus Support. Written by Julia Menapace, Jim Kingdon,
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and David MacKenzie.
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Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
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under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or
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any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no
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Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover
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Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU
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Free Documentation License". -->
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<!-- Created by GNU Texinfo 6.4, http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/ -->
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<head>
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<title>Procedures (STABS)</title>
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<meta name="description" content="Procedures (STABS)">
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<meta name="keywords" content="Procedures (STABS)">
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<meta name="resource-type" content="document">
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<meta name="distribution" content="global">
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<meta name="Generator" content="makeinfo">
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<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
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<link href="index.html#Top" rel="start" title="Top">
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<link href="Symbol-Types-Index.html#Symbol-Types-Index" rel="index" title="Symbol Types Index">
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<link href="index.html#SEC_Contents" rel="contents" title="Table of Contents">
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<link href="Program-Structure.html#Program-Structure" rel="up" title="Program Structure">
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<link href="Nested-Procedures.html#Nested-Procedures" rel="next" title="Nested Procedures">
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<link href="Line-Numbers.html#Line-Numbers" rel="prev" title="Line Numbers">
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<style type="text/css">
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span.nolinebreak {white-space: nowrap}
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span.roman {font-family: initial; font-weight: normal}
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-->
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</style>
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</head>
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<body lang="en">
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<a name="Procedures"></a>
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<div class="header">
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<p>
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Next: <a href="Nested-Procedures.html#Nested-Procedures" accesskey="n" rel="next">Nested Procedures</a>, Previous: <a href="Line-Numbers.html#Line-Numbers" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Line Numbers</a>, Up: <a href="Program-Structure.html#Program-Structure" accesskey="u" rel="up">Program Structure</a> [<a href="index.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="Symbol-Types-Index.html#Symbol-Types-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
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</div>
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<hr>
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<a name="Procedures-1"></a>
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<h3 class="section">2.5 Procedures</h3>
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<a name="index-N_005fFUN_002c-for-functions"></a>
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<a name="index-N_005fFNAME"></a>
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<a name="index-N_005fSTSYM_002c-for-functions-_0028Sun-acc_0029"></a>
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<a name="index-N_005fGSYM_002c-for-functions-_0028Sun-acc_0029"></a>
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<p>All of the following stabs normally use the <code>N_FUN</code> symbol type.
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However, Sun’s <code>acc</code> compiler on SunOS4 uses <code>N_GSYM</code> and
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<code>N_STSYM</code>, which means that the value of the stab for the function
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is useless and the debugger must get the address of the function from
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the non-stab symbols instead. On systems where non-stab symbols have
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leading underscores, the stabs will lack underscores and the debugger
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needs to know about the leading underscore to match up the stab and the
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non-stab symbol. BSD Fortran is said to use <code>N_FNAME</code> with the
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same restriction; the value of the symbol is not useful (I’m not sure it
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really does use this, because GDB doesn’t handle this and no one has
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complained).
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</p>
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<a name="index-C_005fFUN"></a>
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<p>A function is represented by an ‘<samp>F</samp>’ symbol descriptor for a global
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(extern) function, and ‘<samp>f</samp>’ for a static (local) function. For
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a.out, the value of the symbol is the address of the start of the
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function; it is already relocated. For stabs in ELF, the SunPRO
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compiler version 2.0.1 and GCC put out an address which gets relocated
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by the linker. In a future release SunPRO is planning to put out zero,
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in which case the address can be found from the ELF (non-stab) symbol.
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Because looking things up in the ELF symbols would probably be slow, I’m
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not sure how to find which symbol of that name is the right one, and
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this doesn’t provide any way to deal with nested functions, it would
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probably be better to make the value of the stab an address relative to
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the start of the file, or just absolute. See <a href="ELF-Linker-Relocation.html#ELF-Linker-Relocation">ELF Linker Relocation</a> for more information on linker relocation of stabs in ELF
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files. For XCOFF, the stab uses the <code>C_FUN</code> storage class and the
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value of the stab is meaningless; the address of the function can be
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found from the csect symbol (XTY_LD/XMC_PR).
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</p>
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<p>The type information of the stab represents the return type of the
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function; thus ‘<samp>foo:f5</samp>’ means that foo is a function returning type
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5. There is no need to try to get the line number of the start of the
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function from the stab for the function; it is in the next
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<code>N_SLINE</code> symbol.
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</p>
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<p>Some compilers (such as Sun’s Solaris compiler) support an extension for
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specifying the types of the arguments. I suspect this extension is not
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used for old (non-prototyped) function definitions in C. If the
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extension is in use, the type information of the stab for the function
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is followed by type information for each argument, with each argument
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preceded by ‘<samp>;</samp>’. An argument type of 0 means that additional
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arguments are being passed, whose types and number may vary (‘<samp>...</samp>’
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in ANSI C). GDB has tolerated this extension (parsed the syntax, if not
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necessarily used the information) since at least version 4.8; I don’t
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know whether all versions of dbx tolerate it. The argument types given
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here are not redundant with the symbols for the formal parameters
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(see <a href="Parameters.html#Parameters">Parameters</a>); they are the types of the arguments as they are
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passed, before any conversions might take place. For example, if a C
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function which is declared without a prototype takes a <code>float</code>
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argument, the value is passed as a <code>double</code> but then converted to a
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<code>float</code>. Debuggers need to use the types given in the arguments
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when printing values, but when calling the function they need to use the
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types given in the symbol defining the function.
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</p>
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<p>If the return type and types of arguments of a function which is defined
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in another source file are specified (i.e., a function prototype in ANSI
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C), traditionally compilers emit no stab; the only way for the debugger
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to find the information is if the source file where the function is
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defined was also compiled with debugging symbols. As an extension the
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Solaris compiler uses symbol descriptor ‘<samp>P</samp>’ followed by the return
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type of the function, followed by the arguments, each preceded by
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‘<samp>;</samp>’, as in a stab with symbol descriptor ‘<samp>f</samp>’ or ‘<samp>F</samp>’.
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This use of symbol descriptor ‘<samp>P</samp>’ can be distinguished from its use
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for register parameters (see <a href="Register-Parameters.html#Register-Parameters">Register Parameters</a>) by the fact that it has
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symbol type <code>N_FUN</code>.
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</p>
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<p>The AIX documentation also defines symbol descriptor ‘<samp>J</samp>’ as an
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internal function. I assume this means a function nested within another
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function. It also says symbol descriptor ‘<samp>m</samp>’ is a module in
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Modula-2 or extended Pascal.
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</p>
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<p>Procedures (functions which do not return values) are represented as
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functions returning the <code>void</code> type in C. I don’t see why this couldn’t
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be used for all languages (inventing a <code>void</code> type for this purpose if
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necessary), but the AIX documentation defines ‘<samp>I</samp>’, ‘<samp>P</samp>’, and
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‘<samp>Q</samp>’ for internal, global, and static procedures, respectively.
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These symbol descriptors are unusual in that they are not followed by
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type information.
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</p>
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<p>The following example shows a stab for a function <code>main</code> which
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returns type number <code>1</code>. The <code>_main</code> specified for the value
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is a reference to an assembler label which is used to fill in the start
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address of the function.
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</p>
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<div class="example">
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<pre class="example">.stabs "main:F1",36,0,0,_main # <span class="roman">36 is N_FUN</span>
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</pre></div>
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<p>The stab representing a procedure is located immediately following the
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code of the procedure. This stab is in turn directly followed by a
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group of other stabs describing elements of the procedure. These other
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stabs describe the procedure’s parameters, its block local variables, and
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its block structure.
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</p>
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<p>If functions can appear in different sections, then the debugger may not
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be able to find the end of a function. Recent versions of GCC will mark
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the end of a function with an <code>N_FUN</code> symbol with an empty string
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for the name. The value is the address of the end of the current
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function. Without such a symbol, there is no indication of the address
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of the end of a function, and you must assume that it ended at the
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starting address of the next function or at the end of the text section
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for the program.
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</p>
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<hr>
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<div class="header">
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<p>
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Next: <a href="Nested-Procedures.html#Nested-Procedures" accesskey="n" rel="next">Nested Procedures</a>, Previous: <a href="Line-Numbers.html#Line-Numbers" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Line Numbers</a>, Up: <a href="Program-Structure.html#Program-Structure" accesskey="u" rel="up">Program Structure</a> [<a href="index.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="Symbol-Types-Index.html#Symbol-Types-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
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</div>
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</body>
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</html>
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