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388 lines
17 KiB
HTML
388 lines
17 KiB
HTML
4 years ago
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
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<html>
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<!-- Copyright (C) 1988-2018 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
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under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or
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any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the
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Invariant Sections being "Funding Free Software", the Front-Cover
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Texts being (a) (see below), and with the Back-Cover Texts being (b)
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(see below). A copy of the license is included in the section entitled
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"GNU Free Documentation License".
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(a) The FSF's Front-Cover Text is:
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A GNU Manual
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(b) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is:
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You have freedom to copy and modify this GNU Manual, like GNU
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software. Copies published by the Free Software Foundation raise
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funds for GNU development. -->
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<!-- Created by GNU Texinfo 6.4, http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/ -->
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<head>
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<title>GTY Options (GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) Internals)</title>
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<meta name="description" content="GTY Options (GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) Internals)">
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<meta name="keywords" content="GTY Options (GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) Internals)">
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<meta name="resource-type" content="document">
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<meta name="distribution" content="global">
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<meta name="Generator" content="makeinfo">
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<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
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<link href="index.html#Top" rel="start" title="Top">
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<link href="Option-Index.html#Option-Index" rel="index" title="Option Index">
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<link href="index.html#SEC_Contents" rel="contents" title="Table of Contents">
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<link href="Type-Information.html#Type-Information" rel="up" title="Type Information">
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<link href="Inheritance-and-GTY.html#Inheritance-and-GTY" rel="next" title="Inheritance and GTY">
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<link href="Type-Information.html#Type-Information" rel="prev" title="Type Information">
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<style type="text/css">
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<!--
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a.summary-letter {text-decoration: none}
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blockquote.indentedblock {margin-right: 0em}
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blockquote.smallindentedblock {margin-right: 0em; font-size: smaller}
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blockquote.smallquotation {font-size: smaller}
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div.display {margin-left: 3.2em}
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div.example {margin-left: 3.2em}
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div.lisp {margin-left: 3.2em}
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div.smalldisplay {margin-left: 3.2em}
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div.smallexample {margin-left: 3.2em}
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div.smalllisp {margin-left: 3.2em}
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kbd {font-style: oblique}
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pre.display {font-family: inherit}
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pre.format {font-family: inherit}
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pre.menu-comment {font-family: serif}
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pre.menu-preformatted {font-family: serif}
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pre.smalldisplay {font-family: inherit; font-size: smaller}
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pre.smallexample {font-size: smaller}
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pre.smallformat {font-family: inherit; font-size: smaller}
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pre.smalllisp {font-size: smaller}
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span.nolinebreak {white-space: nowrap}
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span.roman {font-family: initial; font-weight: normal}
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span.sansserif {font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: normal}
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ul.no-bullet {list-style: none}
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-->
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</style>
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</head>
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<body lang="en">
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<a name="GTY-Options"></a>
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<div class="header">
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<p>
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Next: <a href="Inheritance-and-GTY.html#Inheritance-and-GTY" accesskey="n" rel="next">Inheritance and GTY</a>, Up: <a href="Type-Information.html#Type-Information" accesskey="u" rel="up">Type Information</a> [<a href="index.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="Option-Index.html#Option-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
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</div>
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<hr>
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<a name="The-Inside-of-a-GTY_0028_0028_0029_0029"></a>
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<h3 class="section">23.1 The Inside of a <code>GTY(())</code></h3>
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<p>Sometimes the C code is not enough to fully describe the type
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structure. Extra information can be provided with <code>GTY</code> options
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and additional markers. Some options take a parameter, which may be
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either a string or a type name, depending on the parameter. If an
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option takes no parameter, it is acceptable either to omit the
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parameter entirely, or to provide an empty string as a parameter. For
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example, <code>GTY ((skip))<!-- /@w --></code> and <code>GTY ((skip ("")))<!-- /@w --></code> are
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equivalent.
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</p>
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<p>When the parameter is a string, often it is a fragment of C code. Four
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special escapes may be used in these strings, to refer to pieces of
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the data structure being marked:
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</p>
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<a name="index-_0025-in-GTY-option"></a>
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<dl compact="compact">
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<dt><code>%h</code></dt>
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<dd><p>The current structure.
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</p></dd>
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<dt><code>%1</code></dt>
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<dd><p>The structure that immediately contains the current structure.
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</p></dd>
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<dt><code>%0</code></dt>
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<dd><p>The outermost structure that contains the current structure.
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</p></dd>
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<dt><code>%a</code></dt>
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<dd><p>A partial expression of the form <code>[i1][i2]…</code> that indexes
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the array item currently being marked.
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</p></dd>
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</dl>
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<p>For instance, suppose that you have a structure of the form
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</p><div class="smallexample">
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<pre class="smallexample">struct A {
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…
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};
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struct B {
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struct A foo[12];
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};
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</pre></div>
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<p>and <code>b</code> is a variable of type <code>struct B</code>. When marking
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‘<samp>b.foo[11]</samp>’, <code>%h</code> would expand to ‘<samp>b.foo[11]</samp>’,
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<code>%0</code> and <code>%1</code> would both expand to ‘<samp>b</samp>’, and <code>%a</code>
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would expand to ‘<samp>[11]</samp>’.
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</p>
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<p>As in ordinary C, adjacent strings will be concatenated; this is
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helpful when you have a complicated expression.
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</p><div class="smallexample">
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<pre class="smallexample">GTY ((chain_next ("TREE_CODE (&%h.generic) == INTEGER_TYPE"
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" ? TYPE_NEXT_VARIANT (&%h.generic)"
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" : TREE_CHAIN (&%h.generic)")))
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</pre></div>
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<p>The available options are:
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</p>
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<dl compact="compact">
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<dd><a name="index-length"></a>
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</dd>
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<dt><code>length ("<var>expression</var>")</code></dt>
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<dd>
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<p>There are two places the type machinery will need to be explicitly told
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the length of an array of non-atomic objects. The first case is when a
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structure ends in a variable-length array, like this:
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</p><div class="smallexample">
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<pre class="smallexample">struct GTY(()) rtvec_def {
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int num_elem; /* <span class="roman">number of elements</span> */
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rtx GTY ((length ("%h.num_elem"))) elem[1];
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};
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</pre></div>
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<p>In this case, the <code>length</code> option is used to override the specified
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array length (which should usually be <code>1</code>). The parameter of the
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option is a fragment of C code that calculates the length.
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</p>
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<p>The second case is when a structure or a global variable contains a
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pointer to an array, like this:
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</p><div class="smallexample">
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<pre class="smallexample">struct gimple_omp_for_iter * GTY((length ("%h.collapse"))) iter;
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</pre></div>
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<p>In this case, <code>iter</code> has been allocated by writing something like
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</p><div class="smallexample">
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<pre class="smallexample"> x->iter = ggc_alloc_cleared_vec_gimple_omp_for_iter (collapse);
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</pre></div>
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<p>and the <code>collapse</code> provides the length of the field.
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</p>
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<p>This second use of <code>length</code> also works on global variables, like:
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</p><pre class="verbatim">static GTY((length("reg_known_value_size"))) rtx *reg_known_value;
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</pre>
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<p>Note that the <code>length</code> option is only meant for use with arrays of
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non-atomic objects, that is, objects that contain pointers pointing to
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other GTY-managed objects. For other GC-allocated arrays and strings
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you should use <code>atomic</code>.
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</p>
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<a name="index-skip"></a>
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</dd>
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<dt><code>skip</code></dt>
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<dd>
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<p>If <code>skip</code> is applied to a field, the type machinery will ignore it.
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This is somewhat dangerous; the only safe use is in a union when one
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field really isn’t ever used.
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</p>
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<a name="index-for_005fuser"></a>
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</dd>
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<dt><code>for_user</code></dt>
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<dd>
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<p>Use this to mark types that need to be marked by user gc routines, but are not
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refered to in a template argument. So if you have some user gc type T1 and a
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non user gc type T2 you can give T2 the for_user option so that the marking
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functions for T1 can call non mangled functions to mark T2.
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</p>
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<a name="index-desc"></a>
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<a name="index-tag"></a>
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<a name="index-default"></a>
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</dd>
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<dt><code>desc ("<var>expression</var>")</code></dt>
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<dt><code>tag ("<var>constant</var>")</code></dt>
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<dt><code>default</code></dt>
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<dd>
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<p>The type machinery needs to be told which field of a <code>union</code> is
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currently active. This is done by giving each field a constant
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<code>tag</code> value, and then specifying a discriminator using <code>desc</code>.
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The value of the expression given by <code>desc</code> is compared against
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each <code>tag</code> value, each of which should be different. If no
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<code>tag</code> is matched, the field marked with <code>default</code> is used if
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there is one, otherwise no field in the union will be marked.
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</p>
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<p>In the <code>desc</code> option, the “current structure” is the union that
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it discriminates. Use <code>%1</code> to mean the structure containing it.
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There are no escapes available to the <code>tag</code> option, since it is a
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constant.
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</p>
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<p>For example,
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</p><div class="smallexample">
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<pre class="smallexample">struct GTY(()) tree_binding
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{
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struct tree_common common;
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union tree_binding_u {
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tree GTY ((tag ("0"))) scope;
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struct cp_binding_level * GTY ((tag ("1"))) level;
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} GTY ((desc ("BINDING_HAS_LEVEL_P ((tree)&%0)"))) xscope;
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tree value;
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};
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</pre></div>
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<p>In this example, the value of BINDING_HAS_LEVEL_P when applied to a
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<code>struct tree_binding *</code> is presumed to be 0 or 1. If 1, the type
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mechanism will treat the field <code>level</code> as being present and if 0,
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will treat the field <code>scope</code> as being present.
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</p>
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<p>The <code>desc</code> and <code>tag</code> options can also be used for inheritance
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to denote which subclass an instance is. See <a href="Inheritance-and-GTY.html#Inheritance-and-GTY">Inheritance and GTY</a>
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for more information.
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</p>
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<a name="index-cache"></a>
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</dd>
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<dt><code>cache</code></dt>
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<dd>
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<p>When the <code>cache</code> option is applied to a global variable gt_clear_cache is
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called on that variable between the mark and sweep phases of garbage
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collection. The gt_clear_cache function is free to mark blocks as used, or to
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clear pointers in the variable.
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</p>
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<a name="index-deletable"></a>
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</dd>
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<dt><code>deletable</code></dt>
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<dd>
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<p><code>deletable</code>, when applied to a global variable, indicates that when
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garbage collection runs, there’s no need to mark anything pointed to
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by this variable, it can just be set to <code>NULL</code> instead. This is used
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to keep a list of free structures around for re-use.
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</p>
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<a name="index-maybe_005fundef"></a>
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</dd>
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<dt><code>maybe_undef</code></dt>
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<dd>
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<p>When applied to a field, <code>maybe_undef</code> indicates that it’s OK if
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the structure that this fields points to is never defined, so long as
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this field is always <code>NULL</code>. This is used to avoid requiring
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||
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backends to define certain optional structures. It doesn’t work with
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language frontends.
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</p>
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<a name="index-nested_005fptr"></a>
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</dd>
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<dt><code>nested_ptr (<var>type</var>, "<var>to expression</var>", "<var>from expression</var>")</code></dt>
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<dd>
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||
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<p>The type machinery expects all pointers to point to the start of an
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object. Sometimes for abstraction purposes it’s convenient to have
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a pointer which points inside an object. So long as it’s possible to
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convert the original object to and from the pointer, such pointers
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can still be used. <var>type</var> is the type of the original object,
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the <var>to expression</var> returns the pointer given the original object,
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and the <var>from expression</var> returns the original object given
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the pointer. The pointer will be available using the <code>%h</code>
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escape.
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||
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</p>
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||
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<a name="index-chain_005fnext"></a>
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||
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<a name="index-chain_005fprev"></a>
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||
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<a name="index-chain_005fcircular"></a>
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||
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</dd>
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||
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<dt><code>chain_next ("<var>expression</var>")</code></dt>
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<dt><code>chain_prev ("<var>expression</var>")</code></dt>
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<dt><code>chain_circular ("<var>expression</var>")</code></dt>
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<dd>
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<p>It’s helpful for the type machinery to know if objects are often
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chained together in long lists; this lets it generate code that uses
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less stack space by iterating along the list instead of recursing down
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it. <code>chain_next</code> is an expression for the next item in the list,
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<code>chain_prev</code> is an expression for the previous item. For singly
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linked lists, use only <code>chain_next</code>; for doubly linked lists, use
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both. The machinery requires that taking the next item of the
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previous item gives the original item. <code>chain_circular</code> is similar
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to <code>chain_next</code>, but can be used for circular single linked lists.
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||
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</p>
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<a name="index-reorder"></a>
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||
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</dd>
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<dt><code>reorder ("<var>function name</var>")</code></dt>
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<dd>
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<p>Some data structures depend on the relative ordering of pointers. If
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the precompiled header machinery needs to change that ordering, it
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will call the function referenced by the <code>reorder</code> option, before
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changing the pointers in the object that’s pointed to by the field the
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option applies to. The function must take four arguments, with the
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||
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signature ‘<samp>void *, void *, <span class="nolinebreak">gt_pointer_operator,</span> void *<!-- /@w --></samp>’.
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||
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The first parameter is a pointer to the structure that contains the
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||
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object being updated, or the object itself if there is no containing
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||
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|
structure. The second parameter is a cookie that should be ignored.
|
||
|
|
The third parameter is a routine that, given a pointer, will update it
|
||
|
|
to its correct new value. The fourth parameter is a cookie that must
|
||
|
|
be passed to the second parameter.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>PCH cannot handle data structures that depend on the absolute values
|
||
|
|
of pointers. <code>reorder</code> functions can be expensive. When
|
||
|
|
possible, it is better to depend on properties of the data, like an ID
|
||
|
|
number or the hash of a string instead.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<a name="index-atomic"></a>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt><code>atomic</code></dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd>
|
||
|
|
<p>The <code>atomic</code> option can only be used with pointers. It informs
|
||
|
|
the GC machinery that the memory that the pointer points to does not
|
||
|
|
contain any pointers, and hence it should be treated by the GC and PCH
|
||
|
|
machinery as an “atomic” block of memory that does not need to be
|
||
|
|
examined when scanning memory for pointers. In particular, the
|
||
|
|
machinery will not scan that memory for pointers to mark them as
|
||
|
|
reachable (when marking pointers for GC) or to relocate them (when
|
||
|
|
writing a PCH file).
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>The <code>atomic</code> option differs from the <code>skip</code> option.
|
||
|
|
<code>atomic</code> keeps the memory under Garbage Collection, but makes the
|
||
|
|
GC ignore the contents of the memory. <code>skip</code> is more drastic in
|
||
|
|
that it causes the pointer and the memory to be completely ignored by
|
||
|
|
the Garbage Collector. So, memory marked as <code>atomic</code> is
|
||
|
|
automatically freed when no longer reachable, while memory marked as
|
||
|
|
<code>skip</code> is not.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>The <code>atomic</code> option must be used with great care, because all
|
||
|
|
sorts of problem can occur if used incorrectly, that is, if the memory
|
||
|
|
the pointer points to does actually contain a pointer.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>Here is an example of how to use it:
|
||
|
|
</p><div class="smallexample">
|
||
|
|
<pre class="smallexample">struct GTY(()) my_struct {
|
||
|
|
int number_of_elements;
|
||
|
|
unsigned int * GTY ((atomic)) elements;
|
||
|
|
};
|
||
|
|
</pre></div>
|
||
|
|
<p>In this case, <code>elements</code> is a pointer under GC, and the memory it
|
||
|
|
points to needs to be allocated using the Garbage Collector, and will
|
||
|
|
be freed automatically by the Garbage Collector when it is no longer
|
||
|
|
referenced. But the memory that the pointer points to is an array of
|
||
|
|
<code>unsigned int</code> elements, and the GC must not try to scan it to
|
||
|
|
find pointers to mark or relocate, which is why it is marked with the
|
||
|
|
<code>atomic</code> option.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>Note that, currently, global variables can not be marked with
|
||
|
|
<code>atomic</code>; only fields of a struct can. This is a known
|
||
|
|
limitation. It would be useful to be able to mark global pointers
|
||
|
|
with <code>atomic</code> to make the PCH machinery aware of them so that
|
||
|
|
they are saved and restored correctly to PCH files.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<a name="index-special"></a>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt><code>special ("<var>name</var>")</code></dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd>
|
||
|
|
<p>The <code>special</code> option is used to mark types that have to be dealt
|
||
|
|
with by special case machinery. The parameter is the name of the
|
||
|
|
special case. See <samp>gengtype.c</samp> for further details. Avoid
|
||
|
|
adding new special cases unless there is no other alternative.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<a name="index-user"></a>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt><code>user</code></dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd>
|
||
|
|
<p>The <code>user</code> option indicates that the code to mark structure
|
||
|
|
fields is completely handled by user-provided routines. See section
|
||
|
|
<a href="User-GC.html#User-GC">User GC</a> for details on what functions need to be provided.
|
||
|
|
</p></dd>
|
||
|
|
</dl>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<hr>
|
||
|
|
<div class="header">
|
||
|
|
<p>
|
||
|
|
Next: <a href="Inheritance-and-GTY.html#Inheritance-and-GTY" accesskey="n" rel="next">Inheritance and GTY</a>, Up: <a href="Type-Information.html#Type-Information" accesskey="u" rel="up">Type Information</a> [<a href="index.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="Option-Index.html#Option-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
|
||
|
|
</div>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
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</body>
|
||
|
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</html>
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