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the monkey dances and laughs and sings and dances
4 years ago
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<h2 class="chapter">2 Language Standards Supported by GCC</h2>
<p>For each language compiled by GCC for which there is a standard, GCC
attempts to follow one or more versions of that standard, possibly
with some exceptions, and possibly with some extensions.
<h3 class="section">2.1 C Language</h3>
<p><a name="index-C-standard-21"></a><a name="index-C-standards-22"></a><a name="index-ANSI-C-standard-23"></a><a name="index-ANSI-C-24"></a><a name="index-ANSI-C89-25"></a><a name="index-C89-26"></a><a name="index-ANSI-X3_002e159_002d1989-27"></a><a name="index-X3_002e159_002d1989-28"></a><a name="index-ISO-C-standard-29"></a><a name="index-ISO-C-30"></a><a name="index-ISO-C90-31"></a><a name="index-ISO_002fIEC-9899-32"></a><a name="index-ISO-9899-33"></a><a name="index-C90-34"></a><a name="index-ISO-C94-35"></a><a name="index-C94-36"></a><a name="index-ISO-C95-37"></a><a name="index-C95-38"></a><a name="index-ISO-C99-39"></a><a name="index-C99-40"></a><a name="index-ISO-C9X-41"></a><a name="index-C9X-42"></a><a name="index-ISO-C11-43"></a><a name="index-C11-44"></a><a name="index-ISO-C1X-45"></a><a name="index-C1X-46"></a><a name="index-Technical-Corrigenda-47"></a><a name="index-TC1-48"></a><a name="index-Technical-Corrigendum-1-49"></a><a name="index-TC2-50"></a><a name="index-Technical-Corrigendum-2-51"></a><a name="index-TC3-52"></a><a name="index-Technical-Corrigendum-3-53"></a><a name="index-AMD1-54"></a><a name="index-freestanding-implementation-55"></a><a name="index-freestanding-environment-56"></a><a name="index-hosted-implementation-57"></a><a name="index-hosted-environment-58"></a><a name="index-g_t_005f_005fSTDC_005fHOSTED_005f_005f-59"></a>
GCC supports three versions of the C standard, although support for
the most recent version is not yet complete.
<p><a name="index-std-60"></a><a name="index-ansi-61"></a><a name="index-pedantic-62"></a><a name="index-pedantic_002derrors-63"></a>The original ANSI C standard (X3.159-1989) was ratified in 1989 and
published in 1990. This standard was ratified as an ISO standard
(ISO/IEC 9899:1990) later in 1990. There were no technical
differences between these publications, although the sections of the
ANSI standard were renumbered and became clauses in the ISO standard.
This standard, in both its forms, is commonly known as <dfn>C89</dfn>, or
occasionally as <dfn>C90</dfn>, from the dates of ratification. The ANSI
standard, but not the ISO standard, also came with a Rationale
document. To select this standard in GCC, use one of the options
<samp><span class="option">-ansi</span></samp>, <samp><span class="option">-std=c90</span></samp> or <samp><span class="option">-std=iso9899:1990</span></samp>; to obtain
all the diagnostics required by the standard, you should also specify
<samp><span class="option">-pedantic</span></samp> (or <samp><span class="option">-pedantic-errors</span></samp> if you want them to be
errors rather than warnings). See <a href="C-Dialect-Options.html#C-Dialect-Options">Options Controlling C Dialect</a>.
<p>Errors in the 1990 ISO C standard were corrected in two Technical
Corrigenda published in 1994 and 1996. GCC does not support the
uncorrected version.
<p>An amendment to the 1990 standard was published in 1995. This
amendment added digraphs and <code>__STDC_VERSION__</code> to the language,
but otherwise concerned the library. This amendment is commonly known
as <dfn>AMD1</dfn>; the amended standard is sometimes known as <dfn>C94</dfn> or
<dfn>C95</dfn>. To select this standard in GCC, use the option
<samp><span class="option">-std=iso9899:199409</span></samp> (with, as for other standard versions,
<samp><span class="option">-pedantic</span></samp> to receive all required diagnostics).
<p>A new edition of the ISO C standard was published in 1999 as ISO/IEC
9899:1999, and is commonly known as <dfn>C99</dfn>. GCC has substantially
complete support for this standard version; see
<a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/c99status.html">http://gcc.gnu.org/c99status.html</a> for details. To select this
standard, use <samp><span class="option">-std=c99</span></samp> or <samp><span class="option">-std=iso9899:1999</span></samp>. (While in
development, drafts of this standard version were referred to as
<dfn>C9X</dfn>.)
<p>Errors in the 1999 ISO C standard were corrected in three Technical
Corrigenda published in 2001, 2004 and 2007. GCC does not support the
uncorrected version.
<p>A fourth version of the C standard, known as <dfn>C11</dfn>, was published
in 2011 as ISO/IEC 9899:2011. GCC has substantially complete support
for this standard, enabled with <samp><span class="option">-std=c11</span></samp> or
<samp><span class="option">-std=iso9899:2011</span></samp>. (While in development, drafts of this
standard version were referred to as <dfn>C1X</dfn>.)
<p>By default, GCC provides some extensions to the C language that on
rare occasions conflict with the C standard. See <a href="C-Extensions.html#C-Extensions">Extensions to the C Language Family</a>. Use of the
<samp><span class="option">-std</span></samp> options listed above will disable these extensions where
they conflict with the C standard version selected. You may also
select an extended version of the C language explicitly with
<samp><span class="option">-std=gnu90</span></samp> (for C90 with GNU extensions), <samp><span class="option">-std=gnu99</span></samp>
(for C99 with GNU extensions) or <samp><span class="option">-std=gnu11</span></samp> (for C11 with GNU
extensions). The default, if no C language dialect options are given,
is <samp><span class="option">-std=gnu11</span></samp>. Some features that are part of the C99 standard
are accepted as extensions in C90 mode, and some features that are part
of the C11 standard are accepted as extensions in C90 and C99 modes.
<p>The ISO C standard defines (in clause 4) two classes of conforming
implementation. A <dfn>conforming hosted implementation</dfn> supports the
whole standard including all the library facilities; a <dfn>conforming
freestanding implementation</dfn> is only required to provide certain
library facilities: those in <code>&lt;float.h&gt;</code>, <code>&lt;limits.h&gt;</code>,
<code>&lt;stdarg.h&gt;</code>, and <code>&lt;stddef.h&gt;</code>; since AMD1, also those in
<code>&lt;iso646.h&gt;</code>; since C99, also those in <code>&lt;stdbool.h&gt;</code> and
<code>&lt;stdint.h&gt;</code>; and since C11, also those in <code>&lt;stdalign.h&gt;</code>
and <code>&lt;stdnoreturn.h&gt;</code>. In addition, complex types, added in C99, are not
required for freestanding implementations. The standard also defines
two environments for programs, a <dfn>freestanding environment</dfn>,
required of all implementations and which may not have library
facilities beyond those required of freestanding implementations,
where the handling of program startup and termination are
implementation-defined, and a <dfn>hosted environment</dfn>, which is not
required, in which all the library facilities are provided and startup
is through a function <code>int main (void)</code> or <code>int main (int,
char *[])</code>. An OS kernel would be a freestanding environment; a
program using the facilities of an operating system would normally be
in a hosted implementation.
<p><a name="index-ffreestanding-64"></a>GCC aims towards being usable as a conforming freestanding
implementation, or as the compiler for a conforming hosted
implementation. By default, it will act as the compiler for a hosted
implementation, defining <code>__STDC_HOSTED__</code> as <code>1</code> and
presuming that when the names of ISO C functions are used, they have
the semantics defined in the standard. To make it act as a conforming
freestanding implementation for a freestanding environment, use the
option <samp><span class="option">-ffreestanding</span></samp>; it will then define
<code>__STDC_HOSTED__</code> to <code>0</code> and not make assumptions about the
meanings of function names from the standard library, with exceptions
noted below. To build an OS kernel, you may well still need to make
your own arrangements for linking and startup.
See <a href="C-Dialect-Options.html#C-Dialect-Options">Options Controlling C Dialect</a>.
<p>GCC does not provide the library facilities required only of hosted
implementations, nor yet all the facilities required by C99 of
freestanding implementations on all platforms; to use the facilities of a hosted
environment, you will need to find them elsewhere (for example, in the
GNU C library). See <a href="Standard-Libraries.html#Standard-Libraries">Standard Libraries</a>.
<p>Most of the compiler support routines used by GCC are present in
<samp><span class="file">libgcc</span></samp>, but there are a few exceptions. GCC requires the
freestanding environment provide <code>memcpy</code>, <code>memmove</code>,
<code>memset</code> and <code>memcmp</code>.
Finally, if <code>__builtin_trap</code> is used, and the target does
not implement the <code>trap</code> pattern, then GCC will emit a call
to <code>abort</code>.
<p>For references to Technical Corrigenda, Rationale documents and
information concerning the history of C that is available online, see
<a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/readings.html">http://gcc.gnu.org/readings.html</a>
<h3 class="section">2.2 C++ Language</h3>
<p>GCC supports the original ISO C++ standard (1998) and contains
experimental support for the second ISO C++ standard (2011).
<p>The original ISO C++ standard was published as the ISO standard (ISO/IEC
14882:1998) and amended by a Technical Corrigenda published in 2003
(ISO/IEC 14882:2003). These standards are referred to as C++98 and
C++03, respectively. GCC implements the majority of C++98 (<code>export</code>
is a notable exception) and most of the changes in C++03. To select
this standard in GCC, use one of the options <samp><span class="option">-ansi</span></samp>,
<samp><span class="option">-std=c++98</span></samp>, or <samp><span class="option">-std=c++03</span></samp>; to obtain all the diagnostics
required by the standard, you should also specify <samp><span class="option">-pedantic</span></samp> (or
<samp><span class="option">-pedantic-errors</span></samp> if you want them to be errors rather than
warnings).
<p>A revised ISO C++ standard was published in 2011 as ISO/IEC
14882:2011, and is referred to as C++11; before its publication it was
commonly referred to as C++0x. C++11 contains several
changes to the C++ language, most of which have been implemented in an
experimental C++11 mode in GCC. For information
regarding the C++11 features available in the experimental C++11 mode,
see <a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/projects/cxx0x.html">http://gcc.gnu.org/projects/cxx0x.html</a>. To select this
standard in GCC, use the option <samp><span class="option">-std=c++11</span></samp>; to obtain all the
diagnostics required by the standard, you should also specify
<samp><span class="option">-pedantic</span></samp> (or <samp><span class="option">-pedantic-errors</span></samp> if you want them to
be errors rather than warnings).
<p>More information about the C++ standards is available on the ISO C++
committee's web site at <a href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/">http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/</a>.
<p>By default, GCC provides some extensions to the C++ language; See <a href="C_002b_002b-Dialect-Options.html#C_002b_002b-Dialect-Options">Options Controlling C++ Dialect</a>. Use of the
<samp><span class="option">-std</span></samp> option listed above will disable these extensions. You
may also select an extended version of the C++ language explicitly with
<samp><span class="option">-std=gnu++98</span></samp> (for C++98 with GNU extensions) or
<samp><span class="option">-std=gnu++11</span></samp> (for C++11 with GNU extensions). The default, if
no C++ language dialect options are given, is <samp><span class="option">-std=gnu++98</span></samp>.
<h3 class="section">2.3 Objective-C and Objective-C++ Languages</h3>
<p><a name="index-Objective_002dC-65"></a><a name="index-Objective_002dC_002b_002b-66"></a>
GCC supports &ldquo;traditional&rdquo; Objective-C (also known as &ldquo;Objective-C
1.0&rdquo;) and contains support for the Objective-C exception and
synchronization syntax. It has also support for a number of
&ldquo;Objective-C 2.0&rdquo; language extensions, including properties, fast
enumeration (only for Objective-C), method attributes and the
@optional and @required keywords in protocols. GCC supports
Objective-C++ and features available in Objective-C are also available
in Objective-C++.
<p>GCC by default uses the GNU Objective-C runtime library, which is part
of GCC and is not the same as the Apple/NeXT Objective-C runtime
library used on Apple systems. There are a number of differences
documented in this manual. The options <samp><span class="option">-fgnu-runtime</span></samp> and
<samp><span class="option">-fnext-runtime</span></samp> allow you to switch between producing output
that works with the GNU Objective-C runtime library and output that
works with the Apple/NeXT Objective-C runtime library.
<p>There is no formal written standard for Objective-C or Objective-C++.
The authoritative manual on traditional Objective-C (1.0) is
&ldquo;Object-Oriented Programming and the Objective-C Language&rdquo;,
available at a number of web sites:
<ul>
<li><a href="http://www.gnustep.org/resources/documentation/ObjectivCBook.pdf">http://www.gnustep.org/resources/documentation/ObjectivCBook.pdf</a>
is the original NeXTstep document;
<li><a href="http://objc.toodarkpark.net">http://objc.toodarkpark.net</a>
is the same document in another format;
<li><a href="http://developer.apple.com/mac/library/documentation/Cocoa/Conceptual/ObjectiveC/">http://developer.apple.com/mac/library/documentation/Cocoa/Conceptual/ObjectiveC/</a>
has an updated version but make sure you search for &ldquo;Object Oriented Programming and the Objective-C Programming Language 1.0&rdquo;,
not documentation on the newer &ldquo;Objective-C 2.0&rdquo; language
</ul>
<p>The Objective-C exception and synchronization syntax (that is, the
keywords @try, @throw, @catch, @finally and @synchronized) is
supported by GCC and is enabled with the option
<samp><span class="option">-fobjc-exceptions</span></samp>. The syntax is briefly documented in this
manual and in the Objective-C 2.0 manuals from Apple.
<p>The Objective-C 2.0 language extensions and features are automatically
enabled; they include properties (via the @property, @synthesize and
@dynamic keywords), fast enumeration (not available in
Objective-C++), attributes for methods (such as deprecated, noreturn,
sentinel, format), the unused attribute for method arguments, the
@package keyword for instance variables and the @optional and
@required keywords in protocols. You can disable all these
Objective-C 2.0 language extensions with the option
<samp><span class="option">-fobjc-std=objc1</span></samp>, which causes the compiler to recognize the
same Objective-C language syntax recognized by GCC 4.0, and to produce
an error if one of the new features is used.
<p>GCC has currently no support for non-fragile instance variables.
<p>The authoritative manual on Objective-C 2.0 is available from Apple:
<ul>
<li><a href="http://developer.apple.com/mac/library/documentation/Cocoa/Conceptual/ObjectiveC/">http://developer.apple.com/mac/library/documentation/Cocoa/Conceptual/ObjectiveC/</a>
</ul>
<p>For more information concerning the history of Objective-C that is
available online, see <a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/readings.html">http://gcc.gnu.org/readings.html</a>
<h3 class="section">2.4 Go Language</h3>
<p>As of the GCC 4.7.1 release, GCC supports the Go 1 language standard,
described at <a href="http://golang.org/doc/go1.html">http://golang.org/doc/go1.html</a>.
<h3 class="section">2.5 References for Other Languages</h3>
<p>See <a href="../gnat_rm/index.html#Top">GNAT Reference Manual</a>, for information on standard
conformance and compatibility of the Ada compiler.
<p>See <a href="../gfortran/Standards.html#Standards">Standards</a>, for details
of standards supported by GNU Fortran.
<p>See <a href="../gcj/Compatibility.html#Compatibility">Compatibility with the Java Platform</a>,
for details of compatibility between <samp><span class="command">gcj</span></samp> and the Java Platform.
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