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135 lines
5.6 KiB
HTML
135 lines
5.6 KiB
HTML
4 years ago
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<html lang="en">
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<head>
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<title>Executing code before main - Using the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC)</title>
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<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html">
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<meta name="description" content="Using the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC)">
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<meta name="generator" content="makeinfo 4.13">
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<link title="Top" rel="start" href="index.html#Top">
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<link rel="up" href="Objective_002dC.html#Objective_002dC" title="Objective-C">
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<link rel="prev" href="GNU-Objective_002dC-runtime-API.html#GNU-Objective_002dC-runtime-API" title="GNU Objective-C runtime API">
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<link rel="next" href="Type-encoding.html#Type-encoding" title="Type encoding">
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<link href="http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/" rel="generator-home" title="Texinfo Homepage">
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<!--
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Copyright (C) 1988-2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
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under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or
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any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the
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Invariant Sections being ``Funding Free Software'', the Front-Cover
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Texts being (a) (see below), and with the Back-Cover Texts being (b)
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(see below). A copy of the license is included in the section entitled
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``GNU Free Documentation License''.
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(a) The FSF's Front-Cover Text is:
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A GNU Manual
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(b) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is:
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You have freedom to copy and modify this GNU Manual, like GNU
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software. Copies published by the Free Software Foundation raise
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funds for GNU development.-->
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--></style>
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</head>
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<body>
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<div class="node">
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<a name="Executing-code-before-main"></a>
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<p>
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Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="Type-encoding.html#Type-encoding">Type encoding</a>,
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Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="GNU-Objective_002dC-runtime-API.html#GNU-Objective_002dC-runtime-API">GNU Objective-C runtime API</a>,
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Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="Objective_002dC.html#Objective_002dC">Objective-C</a>
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<hr>
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</div>
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<h3 class="section">8.2 <code>+load</code>: Executing Code before <code>main</code></h3>
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<p>This section is specific for the GNU Objective-C runtime. If you are
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using a different runtime, you can skip it.
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<p>The GNU Objective-C runtime provides a way that allows you to execute
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code before the execution of the program enters the <code>main</code>
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function. The code is executed on a per-class and a per-category basis,
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through a special class method <code>+load</code>.
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<p>This facility is very useful if you want to initialize global variables
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which can be accessed by the program directly, without sending a message
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to the class first. The usual way to initialize global variables, in the
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<code>+initialize</code> method, might not be useful because
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<code>+initialize</code> is only called when the first message is sent to a
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class object, which in some cases could be too late.
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<p>Suppose for example you have a <code>FileStream</code> class that declares
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<code>Stdin</code>, <code>Stdout</code> and <code>Stderr</code> as global variables, like
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below:
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<pre class="smallexample">
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FileStream *Stdin = nil;
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FileStream *Stdout = nil;
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FileStream *Stderr = nil;
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@implementation FileStream
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+ (void)initialize
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{
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Stdin = [[FileStream new] initWithFd:0];
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Stdout = [[FileStream new] initWithFd:1];
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Stderr = [[FileStream new] initWithFd:2];
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}
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/* <span class="roman">Other methods here</span> */
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@end
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</pre>
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<p>In this example, the initialization of <code>Stdin</code>, <code>Stdout</code> and
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<code>Stderr</code> in <code>+initialize</code> occurs too late. The programmer can
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send a message to one of these objects before the variables are actually
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initialized, thus sending messages to the <code>nil</code> object. The
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<code>+initialize</code> method which actually initializes the global
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variables is not invoked until the first message is sent to the class
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object. The solution would require these variables to be initialized
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just before entering <code>main</code>.
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<p>The correct solution of the above problem is to use the <code>+load</code>
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method instead of <code>+initialize</code>:
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<pre class="smallexample">
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@implementation FileStream
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+ (void)load
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{
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Stdin = [[FileStream new] initWithFd:0];
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Stdout = [[FileStream new] initWithFd:1];
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Stderr = [[FileStream new] initWithFd:2];
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}
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/* <span class="roman">Other methods here</span> */
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@end
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</pre>
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<p>The <code>+load</code> is a method that is not overridden by categories. If a
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class and a category of it both implement <code>+load</code>, both methods are
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invoked. This allows some additional initializations to be performed in
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a category.
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<p>This mechanism is not intended to be a replacement for <code>+initialize</code>.
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You should be aware of its limitations when you decide to use it
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instead of <code>+initialize</code>.
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<ul class="menu">
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<li><a accesskey="1" href="What-you-can-and-what-you-cannot-do-in-_002bload.html#What-you-can-and-what-you-cannot-do-in-_002bload">What you can and what you cannot do in +load</a>
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</ul>
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</body></html>
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