<html lang="en"> <head> <title>Self-Referential Macros - The C Preprocessor</title> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html"> <meta name="description" content="The C Preprocessor"> <meta name="generator" content="makeinfo 4.13"> <link title="Top" rel="start" href="index.html#Top"> <link rel="up" href="Macro-Pitfalls.html#Macro-Pitfalls" title="Macro Pitfalls"> <link rel="prev" href="Duplication-of-Side-Effects.html#Duplication-of-Side-Effects" title="Duplication of Side Effects"> <link rel="next" href="Argument-Prescan.html#Argument-Prescan" title="Argument Prescan"> <link href="http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/" rel="generator-home" title="Texinfo Homepage"> <!-- Copyright (C) 1987-2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation. 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Copies published by the Free Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development. --> <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css"> <style type="text/css"><!-- pre.display { font-family:inherit } pre.format { font-family:inherit } pre.smalldisplay { font-family:inherit; font-size:smaller } pre.smallformat { font-family:inherit; font-size:smaller } pre.smallexample { font-size:smaller } pre.smalllisp { font-size:smaller } span.sc { font-variant:small-caps } span.roman { font-family:serif; font-weight:normal; } span.sansserif { font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:normal; } --></style> </head> <body> <div class="node"> <a name="Self-Referential-Macros"></a> <a name="Self_002dReferential-Macros"></a> <p> Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="Argument-Prescan.html#Argument-Prescan">Argument Prescan</a>, Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="Duplication-of-Side-Effects.html#Duplication-of-Side-Effects">Duplication of Side Effects</a>, Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="Macro-Pitfalls.html#Macro-Pitfalls">Macro Pitfalls</a> <hr> </div> <h4 class="subsection">3.10.5 Self-Referential Macros</h4> <p><a name="index-self_002dreference-78"></a> A <dfn>self-referential</dfn> macro is one whose name appears in its definition. Recall that all macro definitions are rescanned for more macros to replace. If the self-reference were considered a use of the macro, it would produce an infinitely large expansion. To prevent this, the self-reference is not considered a macro call. It is passed into the preprocessor output unchanged. Consider an example: <pre class="smallexample"> #define foo (4 + foo) </pre> <p class="noindent">where <code>foo</code> is also a variable in your program. <p>Following the ordinary rules, each reference to <code>foo</code> will expand into <code>(4 + foo)</code>; then this will be rescanned and will expand into <code>(4 + (4 + foo))</code>; and so on until the computer runs out of memory. <p>The self-reference rule cuts this process short after one step, at <code>(4 + foo)</code>. Therefore, this macro definition has the possibly useful effect of causing the program to add 4 to the value of <code>foo</code> wherever <code>foo</code> is referred to. <p>In most cases, it is a bad idea to take advantage of this feature. A person reading the program who sees that <code>foo</code> is a variable will not expect that it is a macro as well. The reader will come across the identifier <code>foo</code> in the program and think its value should be that of the variable <code>foo</code>, whereas in fact the value is four greater. <p>One common, useful use of self-reference is to create a macro which expands to itself. If you write <pre class="smallexample"> #define EPERM EPERM </pre> <p class="noindent">then the macro <code>EPERM</code> expands to <code>EPERM</code>. Effectively, it is left alone by the preprocessor whenever it's used in running text. You can tell that it's a macro with ‘<samp><span class="samp">#ifdef</span></samp>’. You might do this if you want to define numeric constants with an <code>enum</code>, but have ‘<samp><span class="samp">#ifdef</span></samp>’ be true for each constant. <p>If a macro <code>x</code> expands to use a macro <code>y</code>, and the expansion of <code>y</code> refers to the macro <code>x</code>, that is an <dfn>indirect self-reference</dfn> of <code>x</code>. <code>x</code> is not expanded in this case either. Thus, if we have <pre class="smallexample"> #define x (4 + y) #define y (2 * x) </pre> <p class="noindent">then <code>x</code> and <code>y</code> expand as follows: <pre class="smallexample"> x ==> (4 + y) ==> (4 + (2 * x)) y ==> (2 * x) ==> (2 * (4 + y)) </pre> <p class="noindent">Each macro is expanded when it appears in the definition of the other macro, but not when it indirectly appears in its own definition. </body></html>