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<h3 class="section">14.2 Edges</h3>
<p><a name="index-edge-in-the-flow-graph-3167"></a><a name="index-edge-3168"></a>Edges represent possible control flow transfers from the end of some
basic block A to the head of another basic block B. We say that A is
a predecessor of B, and B is a successor of A. Edges are represented
in GCC with the <code>edge</code> data type. Each <code>edge</code> acts as a
link between two basic blocks: The <code>src</code> member of an edge
points to the predecessor basic block of the <code>dest</code> basic block.
The members <code>preds</code> and <code>succs</code> of the <code>basic_block</code> data
type point to type-safe vectors of edges to the predecessors and
successors of the block.
<p><a name="index-edge-iterators-3169"></a>When walking the edges in an edge vector, <dfn>edge iterators</dfn> should
be used. Edge iterators are constructed using the
<code>edge_iterator</code> data structure and several methods are available
to operate on them:
<dl>
<dt><code>ei_start</code><a name="index-ei_005fstart-3170"></a><dd>This function initializes an <code>edge_iterator</code> that points to the
first edge in a vector of edges.
<br><dt><code>ei_last</code><a name="index-ei_005flast-3171"></a><dd>This function initializes an <code>edge_iterator</code> that points to the
last edge in a vector of edges.
<br><dt><code>ei_end_p</code><a name="index-ei_005fend_005fp-3172"></a><dd>This predicate is <code>true</code> if an <code>edge_iterator</code> represents
the last edge in an edge vector.
<br><dt><code>ei_one_before_end_p</code><a name="index-ei_005fone_005fbefore_005fend_005fp-3173"></a><dd>This predicate is <code>true</code> if an <code>edge_iterator</code> represents
the second last edge in an edge vector.
<br><dt><code>ei_next</code><a name="index-ei_005fnext-3174"></a><dd>This function takes a pointer to an <code>edge_iterator</code> and makes it
point to the next edge in the sequence.
<br><dt><code>ei_prev</code><a name="index-ei_005fprev-3175"></a><dd>This function takes a pointer to an <code>edge_iterator</code> and makes it
point to the previous edge in the sequence.
<br><dt><code>ei_edge</code><a name="index-ei_005fedge-3176"></a><dd>This function returns the <code>edge</code> currently pointed to by an
<code>edge_iterator</code>.
<br><dt><code>ei_safe_safe</code><a name="index-ei_005fsafe_005fsafe-3177"></a><dd>This function returns the <code>edge</code> currently pointed to by an
<code>edge_iterator</code>, but returns <code>NULL</code> if the iterator is
pointing at the end of the sequence. This function has been provided
for existing code makes the assumption that a <code>NULL</code> edge
indicates the end of the sequence.
</dl>
<p>The convenience macro <code>FOR_EACH_EDGE</code> can be used to visit all of
the edges in a sequence of predecessor or successor edges. It must
not be used when an element might be removed during the traversal,
otherwise elements will be missed. Here is an example of how to use
the macro:
<pre class="smallexample"> edge e;
edge_iterator ei;
FOR_EACH_EDGE (e, ei, bb->succs)
{
if (e->flags & EDGE_FALLTHRU)
break;
}
</pre>
<p><a name="index-fall_002dthru-3178"></a>There are various reasons why control flow may transfer from one block
to another. One possibility is that some instruction, for example a
<code>CODE_LABEL</code>, in a linearized instruction stream just always
starts a new basic block. In this case a <dfn>fall-thru</dfn> edge links
the basic block to the first following basic block. But there are
several other reasons why edges may be created. The <code>flags</code>
field of the <code>edge</code> data type is used to store information
about the type of edge we are dealing with. Each edge is of one of
the following types:
<dl>
<dt><em>jump</em><dd>No type flags are set for edges corresponding to jump instructions.
These edges are used for unconditional or conditional jumps and in
RTL also for table jumps. They are the easiest to manipulate as they
may be freely redirected when the flow graph is not in SSA form.
<br><dt><em>fall-thru</em><dd><a name="index-EDGE_005fFALLTHRU_002c-force_005fnonfallthru-3179"></a>Fall-thru edges are present in case where the basic block may continue
execution to the following one without branching. These edges have
the <code>EDGE_FALLTHRU</code> flag set. Unlike other types of edges, these
edges must come into the basic block immediately following in the
instruction stream. The function <code>force_nonfallthru</code> is
available to insert an unconditional jump in the case that redirection
is needed. Note that this may require creation of a new basic block.
<br><dt><em>exception handling</em><dd><a name="index-exception-handling-3180"></a><a name="index-EDGE_005fABNORMAL_002c-EDGE_005fEH-3181"></a>Exception handling edges represent possible control transfers from a
trapping instruction to an exception handler. The definition of
“trapping” varies. In C++, only function calls can throw, but for
Java and Ada, exceptions like division by zero or segmentation fault are
defined and thus each instruction possibly throwing this kind of
exception needs to be handled as control flow instruction. Exception
edges have the <code>EDGE_ABNORMAL</code> and <code>EDGE_EH</code> flags set.
<p><a name="index-purge_005fdead_005fedges-3182"></a>When updating the instruction stream it is easy to change possibly
trapping instruction to non-trapping, by simply removing the exception
edge. The opposite conversion is difficult, but should not happen
anyway. The edges can be eliminated via <code>purge_dead_edges</code> call.
<p><a name="index-REG_005fEH_005fREGION_002c-EDGE_005fABNORMAL_005fCALL-3183"></a>In the RTL representation, the destination of an exception edge is
specified by <code>REG_EH_REGION</code> note attached to the insn.
In case of a trapping call the <code>EDGE_ABNORMAL_CALL</code> flag is set
too. In the <code>GIMPLE</code> representation, this extra flag is not set.
<p><a name="index-may_005ftrap_005fp_002c-tree_005fcould_005ftrap_005fp-3184"></a>In the RTL representation, the predicate <code>may_trap_p</code> may be used
to check whether instruction still may trap or not. For the tree
representation, the <code>tree_could_trap_p</code> predicate is available,
but this predicate only checks for possible memory traps, as in
dereferencing an invalid pointer location.
<br><dt><em>sibling calls</em><dd><a name="index-sibling-call-3185"></a><a name="index-EDGE_005fABNORMAL_002c-EDGE_005fSIBCALL-3186"></a>Sibling calls or tail calls terminate the function in a non-standard
way and thus an edge to the exit must be present.
<code>EDGE_SIBCALL</code> and <code>EDGE_ABNORMAL</code> are set in such case.
These edges only exist in the RTL representation.
<br><dt><em>computed jumps</em><dd><a name="index-computed-jump-3187"></a><a name="index-EDGE_005fABNORMAL-3188"></a>Computed jumps contain edges to all labels in the function referenced
from the code. All those edges have <code>EDGE_ABNORMAL</code> flag set.
The edges used to represent computed jumps often cause compile time
performance problems, since functions consisting of many taken labels
and many computed jumps may have <em>very</em> dense flow graphs, so
these edges need to be handled with special care. During the earlier
stages of the compilation process, GCC tries to avoid such dense flow
graphs by factoring computed jumps. For example, given the following
series of jumps,
<pre class="smallexample"> goto *x;
[ ... ]
goto *x;
[ ... ]
goto *x;
[ ... ]
</pre>
<p class="noindent">factoring the computed jumps results in the following code sequence
which has a much simpler flow graph:
<pre class="smallexample"> goto y;
[ ... ]
goto y;
[ ... ]
goto y;
[ ... ]
y:
goto *x;
</pre>
<p><a name="index-pass_005fduplicate_005fcomputed_005fgotos-3189"></a>However, the classic problem with this transformation is that it has a
runtime cost in there resulting code: An extra jump. Therefore, the
computed jumps are un-factored in the later passes of the compiler
(in the pass called <code>pass_duplicate_computed_gotos</code>).
Be aware of that when you work on passes in that area. There have
been numerous examples already where the compile time for code with
unfactored computed jumps caused some serious headaches.
<br><dt><em>nonlocal goto handlers</em><dd><a name="index-nonlocal-goto-handler-3190"></a><a name="index-EDGE_005fABNORMAL_002c-EDGE_005fABNORMAL_005fCALL-3191"></a>GCC allows nested functions to return into caller using a <code>goto</code>
to a label passed to as an argument to the callee. The labels passed
to nested functions contain special code to cleanup after function
call. Such sections of code are referred to as “nonlocal goto
receivers”. If a function contains such nonlocal goto receivers, an
edge from the call to the label is created with the
<code>EDGE_ABNORMAL</code> and <code>EDGE_ABNORMAL_CALL</code> flags set.
<br><dt><em>function entry points</em><dd><a name="index-function-entry-point_002c-alternate-function-entry-point-3192"></a><a name="index-LABEL_005fALTERNATE_005fNAME-3193"></a>By definition, execution of function starts at basic block 0, so there
is always an edge from the <code>ENTRY_BLOCK_PTR</code> to basic block 0.
There is no <code>GIMPLE</code> representation for alternate entry points at
this moment. In RTL, alternate entry points are specified by
<code>CODE_LABEL</code> with <code>LABEL_ALTERNATE_NAME</code> defined. This
feature is currently used for multiple entry point prologues and is
limited to post-reload passes only. This can be used by back-ends to
emit alternate prologues for functions called from different contexts.
In future full support for multiple entry functions defined by Fortran
90 needs to be implemented.
<br><dt><em>function exits</em><dd>In the pre-reload representation a function terminates after the last
instruction in the insn chain and no explicit return instructions are
used. This corresponds to the fall-thru edge into exit block. After
reload, optimal RTL epilogues are used that use explicit (conditional)
return instructions that are represented by edges with no flags set.
</dl>
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